Agrotóxicos e violações nos direitos à saúde e a soberania alimentar em comunidades Guarani Kaiowá de Mato Grosso do Sul.

RESUMO: O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de commodities agrícolas e consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo. Em Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) a área agrícola aumentou, especialmente no sul do estado, potencializando a contaminação ambiental e a vulnerabilização das populações expostas. O MS tem a terceira maior população indígena do Brasil, que tem sofrido extrema pressão do agronegócio. Esta pesquisa avaliou a presença de agrotóxicos nas águas de duas comunidades indígenas localizadas na região sul do MS: Retomada Guyraroká e Aldeia Jaguapiru. Entre 2021 e 2022 foram realizadas, em cada aldeia, três campanhas de amostragem de água superficial, de abastecimento e da chuva, considerando o calendário agrícola. As amostragens e as análises seguiram o protocolo do LARP/ UFSM. Ao todo foram encontrados 22 Ingredientes ativos (IAs) diferentes, sendo Fipronil, 2,4-D, Clomazona, Atrazina, Diuron e Simazina os mais frequentes. Do total de IAs, 41% causam efeitos graves à saúde (Extremamente e Altamente Tóxicos) e 68% são proibidos na União Europeia. Em 82,2% das amostras pelo menos um IA foi detectado. Os resultados demonstram que as comunidades estudadas estão expostas aos agrotóxicos, violando seus direitos à saúde e à soberania alimentar. ABSTRACT: Brazil is one of the largest producers of agricultural commodities and pesticide consumer in the world. In Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) the agricultural area increased, especially in the south region, thus increasing environmental contamination and vulnerable population exposure. MS has the third largest indigenous population in Brazil, which has suffered extreme pressurethe agribusiness. This research evaluated the presence of pesticides in water of two indigenous communities located in the southern region of MS: Retomada Guyraroká and Aldeia Jaguapiru. Between 2021 and 2022, three campaigns sampled in each community surface, drinking and rain water, considering the agricultural calendar. Sampling and analyzes followed the LARP/UFSM protocol. In total, 22 different active ingredients (AIs) were found, which Fipronil, 2,4-D, Clomazone, Atrazine, Diuron and Simazine being the most frequent. From all AIs found, 41% cause serious health effects (Extremely and Highly Toxic) and 68% were banned in the European Union. In 82.2% of the samples, at least one AI was detected. Results demonstrate that the investigated communities are exposed to pesticides, violating their rights to health and food sovereignty.Online First

Cytogenetic analysis of five Hypostomus species (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

In this work, we analyzed the karyotypes of five Hypostomus species. Hypostomus cf. heraldoi, from the Mogi-Guaçu River, had 2n = 72 chromosomes, with a nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in one chromosomal pair. Hypostomus regani, from the Mogi-Guaçu River had 2n = 72 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus sp., from the Mogi-Guaçu River basin, had 2n = 68 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus aff. agna, from Cavalo Stream, had 2n = 74 chromosomes with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus cf. topavae, from Carrapato Stream, had 2n = 80 chromosomes, with NORs in two chromosomal pairs. Hypostomus species showed marked diversity in the karyotypic formula, which suggested the occurrence of several Robertsonian rearrangements and pericentric inversions during the evolutionary history of this genus. This hypothesis was supported by the occurrence of a large number of uniarmed chromosomes and multiple NORs in a terminal position in most species and may be a derived condition in the Loricariidae

Identification of distinct evolutionary units in allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri Günther, 1864 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): karyotypic evidence

Few chromosomal reports are available for the endemic fish fauna from coastal basins in northeastern Brazil, and regional biodiversity remains partially or completely unknown. This is particularly true for Loricariidae, the most diverse family of armored catfishes. In the present work, allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from two basins in Bahia (northeastern Brazil) were cytogenetically analyzed. Both populations shared 2n = 76 chromosomes, a karyotype formula of 10m+18sm+48st/a (FN = 104) and single terminal GC-rich NORs on the second metacentric pair. Nevertheless, microstructural differences were detected by C-banding, fluorochrome staining and chromosomal digestion with restriction enzymes (Alu I, Bam HI, Hae III, and Dde I). The population from Una River (Recôncavo Sul basin) showed conspicuous heterochromatin blocks and a remarkable heterogeneity of base composition (presence of interspersed AT/GC-rich and exclusively AT- or GC-rich sites), while the population from Mutum river (Contas River basin) presented interstitial AT-rich C-bands and terminal GC/AT-rich heterochromatin. Each enzyme yielded a specific band profile per population which allowed us characterizing up to five heterochromatin families in each population. Based on the present data, we infer that these populations have been evolving independently, as favored by their geographic isolation, probably representing cryptic species