Avaliação dos potenciais mecanismos moleculares associados à variante genética S836S do proto-oncogene RET na patogênese do Carcinoma Medular de Tireoide

Carcinoma medular da tiroide (CMT), tumor maligno originário de células C ou parafoliculares tireoidianas, representa cerca de 4% de todos os tumores malignos dessa glândula. O CMT ocorre principalmente na forma esporádica (75%), mas também pode ocorrer como parte de uma doença hereditária transmitida de forma autossômica dominante, com 100% de penetrância, chamada neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 2 (NEM 2). A síndrome NEM 2 é classificada em três subtipos clínicos distintos: NEM tipo 2A (NEM 2A); NEM tipo 2B (NEM 2B) e câncer medular de tireoide familiar (CMTF). O protooncogene RET (REarranged during Transfection) é o gene de susceptibilidade para CMT hereditário e mutações somáticas nesse gene são descritas em aproximadamente 50% dos casos CMT esporádicos. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) do proto-oncogene RET têm sido implicados na patogênese e progressão do carcinoma medular da tireoide. A presença da variante genética silenciosa S836S tem sido associada com o risco de desenvolver ou modificar o curso clínico do CMT. No entanto, o mecanismo exato com que esse polimorfismo exerce seu efeito ainda é pouco compreendido. Uma das hipóteses propostas sugere que outras variantes funcionais do RET possam estar em desequilíbrio de ligação (DL) com o polimorfismo S836S, sendo essas capazes de modular a expressão gênica. Na doença de Hirschsprung, a variante S836S está em DL com polimorfismos da região 3’UTR do RET e associada ao desenvolvimento da doença. Nesse estudo, nós investigamos a frequência dos polimorfismos rs76759170 e rs3026785 da região 3’UTR do proto-oncogene RET em pacientes com CMT e verificamos a presença de desequilíbrio de ligação entre essas variantes e o polimorfismo S836S. De forma interessante, observamos que as variantes 3’UTR podem afetar a estrutura e a flexibilidade do mRNA do RET, o que sugere um envolvimento funcional dessas variantes sobre a estrutura secundária do mRNA desse gene. Além disso, o haplótipo contendo os alelos polimórficos S836S e 3’UTR foi associado ao desenvolvimento de doença metastática em pacientes com CMT.Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a malignant tumor originating in parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, represents about 4% of all thyroid cancers. MTC is mainly sporadic (75%), but may also be part of an inherited disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with 100% penetrance, referred as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). The MEN 2 syndrome is classified into three distinct clinical subtypes: MEN type 2A (MEN 2A); MEN type 2B (MEN 2B) and familial MTC (FMTC). The RET (REarranged during Transfection) proto-oncogene is the susceptibility gene for hereditary MTC and somatic RET point mutations are described in approximately 50% of MTC cases. The RET single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of MTC. The presence of S836S neutral variant might modify disease susceptibility and clinical phenotype in MTC. However, the exact mechanism by which this polymorphism modulates the MTC pathogenesis is still poorly understood. One of the proposed mechanisms suggests that the S383S neutral variant might be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with unknown functional variants; these might be modulating gene expression. In patients with Hirschsprung's disease, strong LD between S836S and RET 3'UTR variants has been reported. Here, we evaluated the frequency of rs76759170 and rs3026785 3'UTR polymorphisms in patients with MTC and observed strong LD between these variants and S836S polymorphism. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the 3’UTR variants may affect the RET mRNA structure and flexibility, supporting the hypothesis of a functional involvement of the 3’UTR variant allele on secondary structure of RET mRNA. Furthermore, the haplotype harboring these variants was associated with development of metastatic disease in individuals with MTC

Medullary thyroid carcinoma beyond surgery : advances, challenges, and perspectives

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare type of tumor that originates from thyroid C cells and accounts for 2–4% of all malignant thyroid neoplasms. MTC may occur sporadically or be inherited, as part of the MEN 2 syndrome. Germline mutations of the RET (REarranged during Transfection) proto-oncogene cause hereditary cancer, whereas somatic RET mutations and, less frequently, RAS mutations have been described in sporadic MTC samples. Since early surgery with complete resection of tumor mostly determines the likelihood of attaining cure for MTC, the broader use of RET genetic screening has dramatically changed the prognostic of gene carriers in hereditary MTC. Nevertheless, despite recent advances, the management of advanced, progressive MTC remains challenging. The multikinase inhibitors (MKI), vandetanib and cabozantinib, were approved for the treatment of progressive or symptomatic MTC, and several other compounds have exhibited variable efficacy. Although these drugs have been shown to improve progression-free survival, no MKI has been shown to increase the overall survival. As these drugs are nonselective, significant off-target toxicities may occur, limiting achievement of the required TK-specific inhibition. Recently, next-generation small-molecule TKI has been developed. These TKI are specifically designed for highly potent and selective targeting of oncogenic RET alterations, making them promising drugs for the treatment of advanced MTC. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways involved in MTC pathogenesis as well as the therapeutic approaches and challenges for the management of advanced MTC, focusing on targeted molecular therapies

Effect of 3'UTR RET variants on RET mRNA secondary structure and disease presentation in medullary thyroid carcinoma

The RET S836S variant has been associated with early onset and increased risk for metastatic disease in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). However, the mechanism by which this variant modulates MTC pathogenesis is still open to discuss. Of interest, strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between RET S836S and 3'UTR variants has been reported in Hirschsprung's disease patients. Objective To evaluate the frequency of the RET 3’UTR variants (rs76759170 and rs3026785) in MTC patients and to determine whether these variants are in LD with S836S polymorphism. Methods Our sample comprised 152 patients with sporadic MTC. The RET S836S and 3’UTR (rs76759170 and rs3026785) variants were genotyped using Custom TaqMan Genotyping Assays. Haplotypes were inferred using the phase 2.1 program. RET mRNA structure was assessed by Vienna Package. Results The mean age of MTC diagnosis was 48.5±15.5 years and 57.9%were women. The minor allele frequencies of RET polymorphisms were as follows: S836S, 5.6%; rs76759170, 5.6%; rs3026785, 6.2%. We observed a strong LD among S836S and 3’UTR variants (|D’| = -1, r2 = 1 and |D’| = -1, r2 = 0,967). Patients harboring the S836S/3’UTR variants presented a higher percentage of lymph node and distant metastasis (P = 0.013 and P<0.001, respectively). Accordingly, RNA folding analyses demonstrated different RNA secondarystructure predictions for WT(TCCGT), S836S(TTCGT) or 3’UTR(GTCAC) haplotypes. The S836S/3’UTR haplotype presented a greater number of double helices sections and lower levels of minimal free energy when compared to the wild-type haplotype, suggesting that these variants provides the most thermodynamically stable mRNA structure, which may have functional consequences on the rate of mRNA degradation. Conclusion The RET S836S polymorphism is in LD with 3’UTR variants. In silico analysis indicate that the 3’UTR variants may affect the secondary structure of RET mRNA, suggesting that these variants might play a role in posttranscriptional control of the RET transcripts

Type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism is not associated with cognitive impairment in older adults : a cross-sectional study

Background: Type 2 Deiodinase (DIO2) converts thyroxine (T4) into the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3). Thr92Ala DIO2 polymorphism has been associated with reduced conversion of T4 into T3 and central nervous system hypothyroidism. However, how Thr92Ala DIO2 polymorphism affects cognitive function is still unclear. Objective: To assess the association between Thr92Ala DIO2 polymorphism and cognitive performance in older adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University-based tertiary hospital in Brazil. Patients: > 65-year-old with no limiting clinical disease. Interventions: All participants answered a standard questionnaire before undergoing thyroid function laboratory evaluation and genotyping of the Thr92Ala DIO2 polymorphism. Main Outcomes: Cognitive impairment measured by the Word List Memory task from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropsychological Battery (CERAD-NB) and the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB). Results: A hundred individuals were included. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were similar among DIO2 genotypes (all p > 0.05). No differences were found in the Word List Memory, recall, or recognition tests of the CERAD-NB assuming a recessive model for the Ala/Ala vs. Thr/Ala-Thr/Thr genotypes. Results of Clock Drawing Test, Animal Fluency Test, Mini-Mental State Exam, and Figure Memory Test of the BCSB were similar between groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Thr92Ala DIO2 polymorphism is not associated with relevant cognitive impairment in older adults

Molecular Basis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: The Role of RET Polymorphisms

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor originating in parafollicular C cells. It accounts for 5 to 8% of all thyroid cancers. MTC develops in either sporadic (75%) or hereditary form (25%). Genetic and molecular studies have demonstrated the involvement of the RET proto-oncogene in hereditary MTC and, less often, in its sporadic form. Although a strong genotype-phenotype correlation has been described, wide clinical heterogeneity is observed among families with the same RET mutation or even in carriers of the same kindred. In recent years, several single nucleotide polymorphisms of the RET gene have been described in the general population as well as in patients with MTC. Some studies have reported associations between the presence of polymorphisms and development or progression of MTC. Nonetheless, other studies failed to demonstrate any effect of the RET variants. Differences in the genetic background of distinct populations or methodological approaches have been suggested as potential reasons for the conflicting results. Here, we review current knowledge concerning the molecular pathogenesis of sporadic and hereditary MTC. In particular, we analyze the role of RET polymorphisms in the clinical presentation and prognosis of MTC based on the current literature