Osmanlı Devleti’nde Cadı Avı Var mıydı? (Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme) / Was There a Witch Hunt in the Ottoman Empire? (A Comparative Study)

Abstract Witchcraft, namely putting a spell on someone in a general meaning is a traditionally ritual of early pagan societies. In the middle ages, thousands of people was sentenced to torture or death by accusing witchcraft and wondering and harming people around. As we look at the Ottoman Empire, we will see that there were some people who were accused by being a witch and exiled, or burned after their deaths by opening their graves. This study discusses the place of witchcraft and witches in the Western tradition and examines the trials of witchcraft both in Western and Ottoman societies. In addition to this, the attitude of the Ottoman State to witchcraft and witches also to be held. Özet Cadılık yani genel anlamıyla düşünüldüğünde kötü emellerle büyü yapma geleneği, aslen erken dönem pagan toplumlarında görülen bir âdettir. Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında da engizisyon tarafından büyücülükle ve geceleri dolaşarak insanlara kötülük etmekle suçlanan binlerce kişi, “cadı” oldukları iddiasıyla işkenceye ve ölüme mahkûm edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devletine baktığımızda ise yine cadılıkla suçlanan ve bu nedenle yer değiştirme, öldükten sonra mezarı açılarak yakılma gibi birtakım cezalara çarptırılan kişilerin var olduğunu görürüz. Bu çalışmada, cadılığın ve cadıların Batı geleneğindeki yeri ve cadılığa ilişkin görülen davalar incelenmiş ve Osmanlı’da cadılığa ve devletin cadılara yönelik tutumu tetkik edilmiş ve Osmanlı toplumu ile Batı toplumlarında Cadılığı yaklaşım ile ilgili karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme yapılmıştır. La chasse aux sorcières dans l'Empire ottoman Résumé La sorcellerie, à savoir faire de la magie dans un but négatif, était à l’origine une tradition des sociétés païennes de l’âge classique. Dans l’Europe médiévale, des milliers de personnes, accusées de sorcellerie du fait qu’elles sortaient la nuit pour faire de la magie auprès des gens, ont été torturées et condamnées à mort. Lorsqu’on regarde l’Empire ottoman, on constate également qu’il existe des gens accusés de sorcellerie et, de ce fait, ils sont envoyés en exil ou on a ouvert leurs tombes et brulé leurs corps. Dans ce travail, on va étudier d’abord la sorcellerie et la place des sorciers dans la tradition de l’Occident et les affaires judiciaires concernant ce sujet. Puis on va établir un cadre général au sujet de la sorcellerie dans l’Empire ottoman et les attitudes de l’Etat envers les sorciers ; ainsi on va effectuer une étude comparative

Random forest-based landslide susceptibility mapping in coastal regions of Artvin, Turkey

Natural disasters such as landslides often occur in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey owing to its geological, topographical, and climatic characteristics. Landslide events occur nearly every year in the Arhavi, Hopa, and Kemalpa¸sa districts located on the Black Sea coast in the Artvin province. In this study, the landslide susceptibility map of the Arhavi, Hopa, and Kemalpa¸sa districts was produced using the random forest (RF) model, which is widely used in the literature and yields more accurate results compared with other machine learning techniques. A total of 10 landslide-conditioning factors were considered for the susceptibility analysis, i.e., lithology, land cover, slope, aspect, elevation, curvature, topographic wetness index, and distances from faults, drainage networks, and roads. Furthermore, 70% of the landslides on the landslide inventory map were used for training, and the remaining 30% were used for validation. The RF-based model was validated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Evaluation results indicated that the success and prediction rates of the model were 98.3% and 97.7%, respectively. Moreover, it was determined that incorrect land-use decisions, such as transforming forest areas into tea and hazelnut cultivation areas, induce the occurrence of landslides.Funding: This research was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Office of Artvin Çoruh University (AÇÜBAP) (Scientific Research Project No. 2016.F40.02.05)

G-8 ülkelerinde ve Türkiye'de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri ve zaman serisi analizi

Bu araştırmanın amacı, G-8 ülkeleri ve Türkiye’nin savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Önce, savunmanın ve savunma harcamalarının tanımı, savunma harcamalarının özellikleri, ekonomik büyümenin tanımı ve ekonomik büyüme modelleri anlatılmıştır. Sonra, ülkelerin 2000-2016 yılları arasındaki savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyümesi şekillerle açıklanmıştır. Araştırmanın son bölümünde, 2000-2016 yılları arasında G-8 ülkelerinin ve Türkiye’nin savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, panel veri analizi ve zaman serisi analizi ile incelenmiştir. G-8 ülkeleri ve Türkiye için yapılan Durbin-Hausman Eş bütünleşme testi ve Engle-Granger Eş bütünleşme testi sonuçları savunma harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme serileri uzun dönemde birlikte hareket ettiğini göstermiştir. G-8 ülkeleri için yapılan Dumitrescu-Hurlin Nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre, değişkenler arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Türkiye için yapılan Toda-Yamamoto ve Hacker-Hatemi-J Bootsrap Nedensellik test sonuçlarına göre ise, büyüme oranı ile savunma harcamaları arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmamış ve “değişkenler arasında nedensellik ilişkisi yoktur” sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

Nadir bir burun tıkanıklığı nedeni: dev invaziv nonfonksiyonel hipofiz adenomu

Nasal obstruction is a very rare symptom caused by a pituitary adenoma. A 57-year-old man admitted to our clinic with bilateral nasal obstruction for the last six months. Endoscopic examination revealed soft pinkish pulsatile tissues in both nasal cavities. Radiologic investigation revealed a suprasellar mass extending to the frontal lobes, spheno-ethmoidal sinuses and nasal cavities. He had bitemporal superior quadrant hemianopsia. Pituitary hormone levels were normal. Biopsies were taken from the patient endonasally. Pathological evaluations and laboratory findings were compatible with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.Burun tıkanıklğı hipofiz adenomun neden olduğu çok nadir bir semptomdur. Elli yedi yaşında erkek hasta altı aydır süren iki taraflı burun tıkanıklığı ile kliniğimize başvurdu. Endoskopik muayenesinde her iki burun boşluğunda yumuşak pembemsi, pulsatil doku izlendi. Radyolojik incelemelerinde frontal loba, sfeno-ethmoidal sinüslere ve burun boşluklarına uzanım gösteren suprasellar kitle izlendi. Hastada bitemporal üst kadran hemianopsi vardı. Hipofiz hormon düzeyleri normal idi. Biyopsiler hastadan endonazal yol ile alındı. Patolojik değerlendirmesi ve laboratuvar bulguları nonfonksiyonel hipofiz adenomu ile uyumluydu

Effect of a novel commercial potassium-oxalate containing tooth-desensitizing mouthrinse on the microhardness of resin composite restorative materials with different monomer compositions

The effects of mouthrinses on dental resin composites have been investigated extensively. However, there is little information available regarding the effects of ‘newly developed mouthrinse’ formulations on the microhardness of different monomer based composite systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel potassium-oxalate containing desensitizing mouthrinse on the microhardness of different monomer based composite materials. A hundred and twenty specimens (6mm in diameter and 2mm in height) were prepared for composite resin groups (methacrylate based, DX-511 monomer based and silorane monomer based) and for storage solution groups (artificial saliva and potassium oxalate-containing tooth-desensitizing mouthrinse). After allowing post-polimerization the baseline Knoop microhardness measurements for all specimens were recorded. The specimens were stored in 20 mL mouthwash and artificial saliva for 12 hours at 37ºC. The post-immersion microhardness values of all specimens were also recorded. Data were subjected to ANOVA/Scheffe’s test at a significance level of 0.05. The intra group (pre and post immersion values) comparison of the mean microhardness values of the specimens was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The microhardness of the silorane based composite was not affected significantly (p>0.05). The hardness values of the DX-511 monomer based composite and the methacrylate based composite exhibited a slight but not significant microhardness change compared to the baseline values (p>0.05). Studies reported that the effect of mouthrinses on microhardness changes of composite resins may be material dependent, and the hardness change susceptibility of a restorative material may be attributed to its resin matrix or filler type. However, dental monomers as well as the oral care products have an ever-evolving technology and future studies should consider newer products. Potassium oxalate containing mouthrinses, especially alcohol-free ones, may be used safely with dental composites with newly developed low-shrink monomer compositions

The comparison of thermal tissue injuries caused by ultrasonic scalpel and electrocautery use in rabbit tongue tissue

The aim of this study compares to the increase in tissue temperature and the thermal histological eff ects of ultrasonic scalpel, bipolar and unipolar electrosurgery incisions in the tongue tissue of rabbits. The is study evaluates the histopathological changes related to thermal change and the maximum temperature values in the peripheral tissue brought about by the incisions carried out by the three methods in a comparative way. To assess thermal tissue damage induced by the three instruments, maximum tissue temperatures were measured during the surgical procedure and tongue tissue samples were examined histopathologically following the surgery. The mean maximum temperature values of the groups were 93.93±2.76 Cº for the unipolar electrocautery group, whereas 85.07±5.95 Cº for the bipolar electrocautery group, and 108.23±7.64 Cº for the ultrasonic scalpel group. Th ere was a statistically signifi cant relationship between the increase in maximum temperature values and the separation among tissue layers, edema, congestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, destruction in blood vessel walls and fi brin accumulation, and between the existence of fi brin thrombus and tissue damage depth (p<0.05). It was concluded that the bipolar electrocautery use gives way to less temperature increase in the tissues and less thermal tissue damage in comparison to the other methods