9 research outputs found

    Chaperoned amyloid proteins for immune manipulation: a-Synuclein/Hsp70 shifts immunity toward a modulatory phenotype

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    α-Synuclein (αSyn) is a 140-residue amyloid-forming protein whose aggregation is linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). It has also been found to play a critical role in the immune imbalance that accompanies disease progression, a characteristic that has prompted the search for an effective αSyn-based immunotherapy. In this study, we have simultaneously exploited two important features of certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs): their classical “chaperone” activities and their recently discovered and diverse “immunoactive” properties. In particular, we have explored the immune response elicited by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with an αSyn/Hsp70 protein combination in the absence of added adjuvant. Our results show differential effects for mice immunized with the αSyn/Hsp70 complex, including a restrained αSyn-specific (IgM and IgG) humoral response as well as minimized alterations in the Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) and Teff (CD4+Foxp3−) cell populations, as opposed to significant changes in mice immunized with αSyn and Hsp70 alone. Furthermore, in vitro-stimulated splenocytes from immunized mice showed the lowest relative response against αSyn challenge for the “αSyn/Hsp70” experimental group as measured by IFN-Îł and IL-17 secretion, and higher IL-10 levels when stimulated with LPS. Finally, serum levels of Th1-cytokine IFN-Îł and immunomodulatory IL-10 indicated a unique shift toward an immunomodulatory/immunoprotective phenotype in mice immunized with the αSyn/Hsp70 complex. Overall, we propose the use of functional “HSP-chaperoned amyloid/aggregating proteins” generated with appropriate HSP-substrate protein combinations, such as the αSyn/Hsp70 complex, as a novel strategy for immune-based intervention against synucleinopathies and other amyloid or “misfolding” neurodegenerative disorders.España, Ministerio de EconomĂ­a y Competitividad SAF-2012/39720Junta de AndalucĂ­a P10-CTS-6928Junta de AndalucĂ­a P11-CTS-816

    Chaperoned amyloid proteins for immune manipulation: A-synuclein/hsp70 shifts immunity toward a modulatory phenotype

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    a-Synuclein (aSyn) is a 140-residue amyloid-forming protein whose aggregation is linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD). It has also been found to play a critical role in the immune imbalance that accompanies disease progression, a characteristic that has prompted the search for an effective aSyn-based immunotherapy. In this study, we have simultaneously exploited two important features of certain heat-shock proteins (HSPs): their classical ‘‘chaperone’’ activities and their recently discovered and diverse ‘‘immunoactive’’ properties. In particular, we have explored the immune response elicited by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with an aSyn/Hsp70 protein combination in the absence of added adjuvant. Our results show differential effects for mice immunized with the aSyn/Hsp70 complex, including a restrained aSyn-specific (IgM and IgG) humoral response as well as minimized alterations in the Treg (CD4 CD25 Foxp3 ) and Teff (CD4 Foxp3 ) cell populations, as opposed to significant changes in mice immunized with aSyn and Hsp70 alone. Furthermore, in vitro-stimulated splenocytes from immunized mice showed the lowest relative response against aSyn challenge for the ‘‘aSyn/Hsp70’’ experimental group as measured by IFN-g and IL-17 secretion, and higher IL-10 levels when stimulated with LPS. Finally, serum levels of Th1-cytokine IFN-g and immunomodulatory IL-10 indicated a unique shift toward an immunomodulato-ry/immunoprotective phenotype in mice immunized with the aSyn/Hsp70 complex. Overall, we propose the use of functional ‘‘HSP-chaperoned amyloid/ aggregating proteins’’ generated with appropriate HSP-substrate protein combinations, such as the aSyn/Hsp70 complex, as a novel strategy for immune-based intervention against synucleinopathies and other amyloid or ‘‘misfolding’’ neurodegenerative disorders.Financial support was provided by the Carlos III Institute of Health of Spain (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) according to the Strategic Action in Health (CP10/00527 to CR; PI14-01600 to DP) with co-funding by FEDER funds, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF-2012/39720 to CR), the Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (P10-CTS-6928 and P11-CTS-8161 to DP) and the PAIDI Program from the Andalusian Government (CTS- 677 to DP). ALG holds a FPU Predoctoral Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP-2009/3816). The works of EJDG and CMD are supported by the Wellcome Trust, and the UK Medical, and Biotechnological and Biological Sciences Research Councils

    Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: investigaciones en el modelo sod1g93a y correlaciones de interés clínico

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    La esclerosis lateral amiotrĂłfica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, incurable y de carĂĄcter fatal en un plazo de 3-5 años desde su diagnĂłstico. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por la degeneraciĂłn progresiva de neuronas motoras. Actualmente se sabe que el sistema nervioso central (SNC) no representa una zona inmunolĂłgicamente privilegiada, de hecho cada vez cobra mayor importancia el papel que el sistema inmunitario pudiera tener en la fisiopatologĂ­a asociada al curso de ciertas enfermedades neurodegenerativas, la ELA serĂ­a un ejemplo de ello. Este hecho se hace especialmente evidente debido al componente neuroinflamatorio asociado a esta enfermedad. Hasta la fecha han sido numerosas las evidencias experimentales publicadas en las que se pone de manifiesto la implicaciĂłn tanto del sistema nervioso como del sistema inmunitario en la ELA. La respuesta inflamatoria es mediada en gran parte por los receptores de tipo Toll (TLRs), presentes tanto a nivel perifĂ©rico como a nivel central. Estos receptores son fundamentales en el control inicial de la replicaciĂłn de agentes patĂłgenos, en el reclutamiento y activaciĂłn de cĂ©lulas del sistema inmunitario adaptativo para su posterior eliminaciĂłn, y en el reconocimiento de productos derivados del daño tisular. Existen evidencias que demuestran el posible nexo entre infecciones bacterianas/vĂ­ricas sistĂ©micas y el transcurso de la enfermedad en modelos de ELA. En este sentido se hace interesante explorar la respuesta derivada del estĂ­mulo de TLRs en las cĂ©lulas inmunitarias perifĂ©ricas durante el curso de la ELA. Nuestros resultados muestran que existe una desregulaciĂłn de la respuesta inmunitaria mediada por TLRs en el contexto de esta enfermedad, tanto en el modelo SOD1G93A como en pacientes con ELA. Se observa una reducciĂłn general de la respuesta frente a ligandos especĂ­ficos para TLRs en tĂ©rminos de secreciĂłn de citoquinas, IL-6, IFN- e IL-10 y un aumento de la respuesta derivada de la estimulaciĂłn mediada especĂ­ficamente por TLR-3. La ELA lleva consigo asociado un importante componente inflamatorio crĂłnico, por ello es de especial interĂ©s el estudio del neuropĂ©ptido VIP como potencial agente terapĂ©utico, debido a la gran capacidad inmunomoduladora asociada a este neuropĂ©ptido. En este sentido, es tambiĂ©n de interĂ©s explorar el efecto terapĂ©utico de la molĂ©cula bioactiva NAP, pĂ©ptido fragmento de la proteĂ­na ADNP, en el contexto de esta enfermedad. Siendo ADNP una proteĂ­na capaz de mediar las acciones de VIP. NAP es considerado un potente neuroprotector capaz de evitar la muerte neuronal asociada al bloqueo elĂ©ctrico por tetrodotoxina y a la excitotoxicidad por NMDA. Por todo ello decidimos explorar el efecto de la administraciĂłn exĂłgena de VIP y NAP, tanto desde un punto de vista profilĂĄctico, comenzando en fase pre-sintomĂĄtica, como terapĂ©utico, comenzando tras el inicio de los primeros sĂ­ntomas en el modelo. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que la terapia con los neuropĂ©ptidos VIP y NAP afecta al transcurso del proceso patolĂłgico que acontece en el modelo animal SOD1G93A, observamos que el momento de inicio de la enfermedad se adelanta, sin embargo, se reduce la velocidad de avance de la misma. Con el fin de evaluar tambiĂ©n el papel que VIP endĂłgeno presentaba en el curso del proceso patolĂłgico en el modelo, estudiamos la evoluciĂłn de la enfermedad en ausencia parcial y completa de VIP endĂłgeno. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que dicho neuropĂ©ptido presenta un papel como modulador del proceso patolĂłgico asociado a esta enfermedad. La ausencia completa de VIP endĂłgeno hace que se retrase el inicio de la enfermedad, aunque, por otra parte, el curso de la misma es mĂĄs agresivo una vez iniciada. En la ELA no existen biomarcadores especĂ­ficos para el diagnĂłstico y/o pronĂłstico de la enfermedad, debido en parte a la complejidad del proceso fisiopatolĂłgico asociado. El metaboloma refleja el fenotipo de un organismo dado y podrĂ­a constituir una herramienta Ăștil en el estudio de enfermedades de etiologĂ­a poco conocida. En este sentido, decidimos explorar el perfil metabĂłlico de diferentes regiones anatĂłmicas de relevancia en el modelo SOD1G93A con el fin de identificar potenciales biomarcadores asociados a la ELA. Nuestros resultados muestran que el cerebro y la zona cervical de la mĂ©dula espinal son las regiones donde varĂ­a en mayor medida el perfil metabolĂłmico durante el transcurso del proceso patolĂłgico en el modelo SOD1G93A. MĂĄs aĂșn, observamos que el perfil metabolĂłmico asociado a las diferentes regiones exploradas permite clasificar en un alto porcentaje a los animales como transgĂ©nicos o como animales no portadores del transgen en diferentes fases de progresiĂłn de la enfermedad

    Esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: investigaciones en el modelo SOD1G93A y correlaciones de interés clínico

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    Tesis Doctoral presentada por Marta Cejudo GuillĂ©n, para optar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Sevilla-Facultad de Medicina y que ha sido realizada en el laboratorio de Terapias Avanzadas en NeuroprotecciĂłn e InmunoregulaciĂłn del Centro Andaluz de BiologĂ­a Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER).La esclerosis lateral amiotrĂłfica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, incurable y de carĂĄcter fatal en un plazo de 3-5 años desde su diagnĂłstico. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por la degeneraciĂłn progresiva de neuronas motoras. Actualmente se sabe que el sistema nervioso central (SNC) no representa una zona inmunolĂłgicamente privilegiada, de hecho cada vez cobra mayor importancia el papel que el sistema inmunitario pudiera tener en la fisiopatologĂ­a asociada al curso de ciertas enfermedades neurodegenerativas, la ELA serĂ­a un ejemplo de ello. Este hecho se hace especialmente evidente debido al componente neuroinflamatorio asociado a esta enfermedad. Hasta la fecha han sido numerosas las evidencias experimentales publicadas en las que se pone de manifiesto la implicaciĂłn tanto del sistema nervioso como del sistema inmunitario en la ELA. La respuesta inflamatoria es mediada en gran parte por los receptores de tipo Toll (TLRs), presentes tanto a nivel perifĂ©rico como a nivel central. Estos receptores son fundamentales en el control inicial de la replicaciĂłn de agentes patĂłgenos, en el reclutamiento y activaciĂłn de cĂ©lulas del sistema inmunitario adaptativo para su posterior eliminaciĂłn, y en el reconocimiento de productos derivados del daño tisular. Existen evidencias que demuestran el posible nexo entre infecciones bacterianas/vĂ­ricas sistĂ©micas y el transcurso de la enfermedad en modelos de ELA. En este sentido se hace interesante explorar la respuesta derivada del estĂ­mulo de TLRs en las cĂ©lulas inmunitarias perifĂ©ricas durante el curso de la ELA. Nuestros resultados muestran que existe una desregulaciĂłn de la respuesta inmunitaria mediada por TLRs en el contexto de esta enfermedad, tanto en el modelo SOD1G93A como en pacientes con ELA. Se observa una reducciĂłn general de la respuesta frente a ligandos especĂ­ficos para TLRs en tĂ©rminos de secreciĂłn de citoquinas, IL-6, IFN‐γ e IL-10 y un aumento de la respuesta derivada de la estimulaciĂłn mediada especĂ­ficamente por TLR-3. La ELA lleva consigo asociado un importante componente inflamatorio crĂłnico, por ello es de especial interĂ©s el estudio del neuropĂ©ptido VIP como potencial agente terapĂ©utico, debido a la gran capacidad inmunomoduladora asociada a este neuropĂ©ptido. En este sentido, es tambiĂ©n de interĂ©s explorar el efecto terapĂ©utico de la molĂ©cula bioactiva NAP, pĂ©ptido fragmento de la proteĂ­naADNP, en el contexto de esta enfermedad. Siendo ADNP una proteĂ­na capaz de mediar las acciones de VIP. NAP es considerado un potente neuroprotector capaz de evitar la muerte neuronal asociada al bloqueo elĂ©ctrico por tetrodotoxina y a la excitotoxicidad por NMDA. Por todo ello decidimos explorar el efecto de la administraciĂłn exĂłgena de VIP y NAP, tanto desde un punto de vista profilĂĄctico, comenzando en fase pre-sintomĂĄtica, como terapĂ©utico, comenzando tras el inicio de los primeros sĂ­ntomas en el modelo. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que la terapia con los neuropĂ©ptidos VIP y NAP afecta al transcurso del proceso patolĂłgico que acontece en el modelo animal SOD1G93A, observamos que el momento de inicio de la enfermedad se adelanta, sin embargo, se reduce la velocidad de avance de la misma. Con el fin de evaluar tambiĂ©n el papel que VIP endĂłgeno presentaba en el curso del proceso patolĂłgico en el modelo, estudiamos la evoluciĂłn de la enfermedad en ausencia parcial y completa de VIP endĂłgeno. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que dicho neuropĂ©ptido presenta un papel como modulador del proceso patolĂłgico asociado a esta enfermedad. La ausencia completa de VIP endĂłgeno hace que se retrase el inicio de la enfermedad, aunque, por otra parte, el curso de la misma es mĂĄs agresivo una vez iniciada. En la ELA no existen biomarcadores especĂ­ficos para el diagnĂłstico y/o pronĂłstico de la enfermedad, debido en parte a la complejidad del proceso fisiopatolĂłgico asociado. El metaboloma refleja el fenotipo de un organismo dado y podrĂ­a constituir una herramienta Ăștil en el estudio de enfermedades de etiologĂ­a poco conocida. En este sentido, decidimos explorar el perfil metabĂłlico de diferentes regiones anatĂłmicas de relevancia en el modelo SOD1G93A con el fin de identificar potenciales biomarcadores asociados a la ELA. Nuestros resultados muestran que el cerebro y la zona cervical de la mĂ©dula espinal son las regiones donde varĂ­a en mayor medida el perfil metabolĂłmico durante el transcurso del proceso patolĂłgico en el modelo SOD1G93A. MĂĄs aĂșn, observamos que el perfil metabolĂłmico asociado a las diferentes regiones exploradas permite clasificar en un alto porcentaje a los animales como transgĂ©nicos o como animales no portadores del transgen en diferentes fases de progresiĂłn de la enfermedad.Peer Reviewe

    Nanoporous silica microparticle interaction with toll-like receptor agonists in macrophages

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    Nanoporous silica microparticles (NSiO2-MP) are considered to be potential drug delivery systems and scaffolding platforms in tissue engineering. However, few biocompatibility studies regarding NSiO2-MP interaction with the immune system have been reported. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are involved in host defence as well as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The results show that NSiO2-MP up to 100 ÎŒg ml−1 do not affect macrophage cell viability after 24 h cell culture. Moreover, NSiO2-MP do not compromise the cell viability of TLR-activated Raw 264.7 cells, for either cell surface TLR (TLR1/TLR2/TLR4/TLR6) or endocytic compartment TLR (TLR3/TLR7/TLR9). Furthermore, Raw 264.7 cells do not respond to NSiO2-MP exposure in terms of IL-6 or IL-10 secretion. NSiO2-MP co-treatment in the presence of TLR ligands does not impair or enhance the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 or the regulatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, NSiO2-MP do not affect macrophage polarization towards a pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive status, representing added value in terms of biocompatibility compared with other SiO2-based micro- and nanoparticles.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (BIO2009-13903-C02-02 to A.D.-C.), the Spanish Ministry of Health (PS09-02252 to D.P.), the Andalusian Ministry of Health (PI-2008- 0068 to D.P.), the Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (Proyecto Excelencia CTS-6928 to D.P.) and the PAIDI Program from the Andalusian Government (CTS-677 to D.P.). M.C.-G is a fellow from the University of Seville Predoctoral Plan Propio. M.L.R.-G. is a fellow from the JAE-Program (Spanish National Research Council). A.L.-G. is a fellow from the FPU-Program (AP2009-3816) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.Peer reviewe

    Chaperome screening leads to identification of Grp94/Gp96 and FKBP4/52 as modulators of the α-synuclein-elicited immune response

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    Labrador-Garrido, Adahir et al.We have investigated the potential role of molecular chaperones as modulators of the immune response by using α-synuclein (αSyn) as an aggregation-prone model protein. We first performed an in vitro immunoscreening with 21 preselected candidate chaperones and selected 2 from this set as displaying immunological activity with differential profiles, Grp94/Gp96 and FKBP4/52. We then immunized mice with both chaperone/α-synuclein combinations using monomeric or oligomeric α-synuclein (MαSyn or OαSyn, respectively), and we characterized the immune response generated in each case. We found that Grp94 promoted αSyn-specific T-helper (Th)1/Th17 and IgG1 antibody responses (up to a 3-fold increase) with MαSyn and OαSyn, respectively, coupled to a Th2-type general phenotype (generating 2.5-fold higher IgG1/IgG2 levels). In addition, we observed that FKBP4 favored a Th1-skewed phenotype with MαSyn but strongly supported a Th2-type phenotype with OαSyn (with a 3-fold higher IL-10/IFN-Îł serum levels). Importantly, results from adoptive transfer of splenocytes from immunized animals in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model indicates that these effects are robust, stable in time, and physiologically relevant. Taken together, Grp94 and FKBP4 are able to generate differential immune responses to α-synuclein–based immunizations, depending both on the nature of the chaperone and on the aggregation state of α-synuclein. Our work reveals that several chaperones are potential modulators of the immune response and suggests that different chaperones could be exploited to redirect the amyloid-elicited immunity both for basic studies of the immunological processes associated with neurodegeneration and for immunotherapy of pathologies associated with protein misfolding and aggregation.Financial support was provided by the Carlos III Institute of Health of Spain (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) according to the Strategic Action of Health (CP10/00527 to C.R.; PI14-01600 to D.P.), with cofunding by Fonds Europeen de Developpement Economique et Regional (FEDER) funds, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF-2012/39720 to C.R.) with cofunding by FEDER funds, the Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (P10-CTS-6928 and P11-CTS-8161 to D.P.), and the Andalusian Plan for Research, Development and Innovation (PAIDI) Program from the Andalusian Government (CTS-677 to D.P.). A.L.G. holds a Formacion del Profesorado Universitario (FPU) Pre-doctoral Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP-2009/3816). The work of E.J.D.G. and C.M.D. is supported by the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council of the United Kingdom.Peer Reviewe

    The 'Omics' of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons and is accompanied by sustained unregulated immune responses, but without clear indications of the ultimate causative mechanisms. The identification of a diverse array of ALS phenotypes, a series of recently discovered mutations, and the links between ALS and frontotemporal degeneration have significantly increased our knowledge of the disease. In this review we discuss the main features involved in ALS pathophysiology in the context of recent advances in 'omics' approaches, including genomics, proteomics, and others. We emphasize the pressing need to combine clinical imaging with various different parameters taken from omics fields to facilitate early, accurate diagnosis and rational drug design in the treatment of ALS. ALS, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons. There is no cure for ALS. Although ALS is a brain disease closely related to Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, so far the complex descriptions of ALS-associated damage have not clarified the ultimate causative mechanisms.Current interventions are the result of unintentional discoveries or the non-specific application of cell-based therapies whose effects are not completely understood. However, research on ALS is currently thriving and the body of knowledge on the subject has increased remarkably in recent years.The emergence of functional immunomics for ALS from established omics technologies are opening new therapeutic avenues based on the smart manipulation of the immune system.Molecular imaging in the field of ALS is evolving. Thus, a combination of omics technologies and clinical imaging may very well be the key for breaking-down ALS.Financial support was provided by grants AI075285 and AI093903 from the US National Institutes of Health, RG4111A1 and JF2161-A-5 from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and PA0069 from the International Progressive MS Alliance (F.J.Q.), the Regional Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (P11-CTS-8161 to D.P.), the Regional Ministry of Health (PI13-575 to S.L.), the PAIDI Program from the Andalusian Government (CTS-677 to D.P.), and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with FEDER co-funding (PI14-1600 to D.P.; SAF-2012-39720 and CP10-00527 to C.R.). D.C-H. holds a postdoctoral fellowship from CONACyT (Mexico). M.C-G. holds a PIF-University of Seville PhD fellowship.Peer Reviewe

    Tissue-specific phenotype and activation of iNKT cells in morbidly obese subjects: Interaction with adipocytes and effect of bariatric surgery

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    [Background]] The immune response of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obesity, in particular the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, has not yet been fully elucidated.[Objective] To characterize iNKT cells and its activation status in VAT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in morbidly obese subjects (MO), and to analyze their association with metabolic parameters.[Subjects and Methods] Twenty non-obese and 20 MO subjects underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and were studied before and 6 months after RYGB. VAT and PBMC were obtained.[Results] A decrease in VAT iNKT cells from MO was found, however, not in PBMC. Visceral adipocytes from MO presented increased CD1d expression (p = 0.032). MO presented an increase in early activated CD69+ iNKT cells in PBMC before RYGB (p < 0.001), but not after RYGB nor in VAT, and an increase in later activated CD25+ iNKT in VAT (p = 0.046), without differences in PBMC. The co-expression of early and later markers (CD69+CD25+) in iNKT cells was increased in MO in VAT (p = 0.050) and PBMC (p = 0.006), decreasing after RYGB (p = 0.050). CD69+ iNKT and CD69+CD25+ iNKT cells in PBMC after RYGB correlated negatively with glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels.[Conclusions] There is a tissue-specific phenotype and activation of iNKT cells in VAT in morbid obesity, which could be involved in VAT immunometabolism dysregulation. Also, the increase in CD1d expression could be to offset the lack of VAT iNKT cells.This study has been supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (PI09/01016) (BA way to make Europe^), the Andalusian Ministry of Health (PI-2013-575), and the Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation (P10-CTS6928, P11-CTS8161 and P11-CTS8081) and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (BAndalusia moves with Europe^).Peer reviewe
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