“Yes Means Yes” Bill Fails to Adequately Address Link Between Alcohol and Sexual Assault

Much talk has surrounded California’s “Yes Means Yes” bill. SB 967 has been hailed a major shift in the way colleges will approach sexual assault by instituting an affirmative consent standard. Authored by Senator Kevin de Leon, SB 967 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on September 28, 2014. While the “Yes Means Yes” bill did not go unchallenged by Republicans, it was unanimously put forward. Despite the unanimity, many have criticized the bill. Critiques have questioned a number of aspects of the bill, first and foremost it has been labeled as ambiguous, and many critics have alluded to possible negative consequences of the bill

“Yes Means Yes” Bill Fails to Adequately Address Link Between Alcohol and Sexual Assault

Much talk has surrounded California’s “Yes Means Yes” bill. SB 967 has been hailed a major shift in the way colleges will approach sexual assault by instituting an affirmative consent standard. Authored by Senator Kevin de Leon, SB 967 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on September 28, 2014. While the “Yes Means Yes” bill did not go unchallenged by Republicans, it was unanimously put forward. Despite the unanimity, many have criticized the bill. Critiques have questioned a number of aspects of the bill, first and foremost it has been labeled as ambiguous, and many critics have alluded to possible negative consequences of the bill

Integrated Geophysical Investigation of Near-Surface Faults - Sassafras Ridge, New Madrid Seismic Zone, USA

The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is a large source of seismic hazard within the central and eastern United States. Seismogenic source parameters such as active fault location, slip rate, total displacement, and strain accommodation is poorly constrained due to the masking effect of the Mississippi Embayment sediment and agricultural practices on structures and surface expressions. Consequently, noninvasive geologic and geophysical investigation of the subsurface is needed to characterize seismogenic sources. Recent investigation of the Reelfoot Fault found that there is a strain accommodation enigma between the dextral offset at seismogenic depth versus the surface expression, Reelfoot Scarp. This strain imbalance was suggested to be due to a dextral shear zone from a splayed portion of the Axial Fault continuing through Reelfoot Fault to the northeast. Seismic reflection surveys collected at Sassafras Ridge, 12 km to the northeast of Reelfoot Fault, found a dextral transpressional structure in Paleozoic to Eocene horizons. This structure was suggested to be an extension of the shear zone to the northeast of Reelfoot Fault but could not satisfy temporal boundary conditions due to the lack of resolution in the upper 50 m. New, near-surface seismic reflection surveys were collected at Sassafras Ridge, targeting the basal Quaternary gravel and intra-Quaternary sediments. The resultant images showed steeply dipping northeast striking faults with vertically offset and arched Quaternary reflectors, extending within 5 m of the surface. There are five imaged transpressional faults within two zones of deformation, forming an $\sim$600 m wide flower structure, with vertical displacements of 9 m and 4 m at the top of the Quaternary basal gravel, and top of the intra-Quaternary coarse sands, respectively. The seismic images were correlated with LiDAR digital terrain analysis and an electrical resistivity survey to characterize the near-surface extent of these faults. The results suggest that the transpressional flower structure imaged across Paleozoic to Quaternary reflectors extends to the surface and is expressed as a lineament spanning the length of Sassafras Ridge observed in LiDAR slope and roughness maps. These results provide further evidence for the hypothesized shear accommodation fault across the Reelfoot Fault, as well as identifying a previously unknown Quaternary-active fault in westernmost Kentucky, northeast of the most active parts of the NMSZ

Meditation Experiences, Self, and Boundaries of Consciousness

Our experiences with the external world are possible mainly through vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell providing us a sense of reality. How the brain is able to seamlessly integrate stimuli from our external and internal world into our sense of reality has yet to be adequately explained in the literature. We have previously proposed a three-dimensional unified model of consciousness that partly explains the dynamic mechanism. Here we further expand our model and include illustrations to provide a better conception of the ill-defined space within the self, providing insight into a unified mind-body concept. In this article, we propose that our senses “super-impose” on an existing dynamic space within us after a slight, imperceptible delay. The existing space includes the entire intrapersonal space and can also be called the “the body’s internal 3D default space”. We provide examples from meditation experiences to help explain how the sense of ‘self’ can be experienced through meditation practice associated with underlying physiological processes that take place through cardio-respiratory synchronization and coherence that is developed among areas of the brain. Meditation practice can help keep the body in a parasympathetic dominant state during meditation, allowing an experience of inner ‘self’. Understanding this physical and functional space could help unlock the mysteries of the function of memory and cognition, allowing clinicians to better recognize and treat disorders of the mind by recommending proven techniques to reduce stress as an adjunct to medication treatment

The Dynamic Role of Breathing and Cellular Membrane Potentials in the Experience of Consciousness

Understanding the mechanics of consciousness remains one of the most important challenges in modern cognitive science. One key step toward understanding consciousness is to associate unconscious physiological processes with subjective experiences of sensory, motor, and emotional contents. This article explores the role of various cellular membrane potential differences and how they give rise to the dynamic infrastructure of conscious experience. This article explains that consciousness is a body-wide, biological process not limited to individual organs because the mind and body are unified as one entity; therefore, no single location of consciousness can be pinpointed. Consciousness exists throughout the entire body, and unified consciousness is experienced and maintained through dynamic repolarization during inhalation and expiration. Extant knowledge is reviewed to provide insight into how differences in cellular membrane potential play a vital role in the triggering of neural and non-neural oscillations. The role of dynamic cellular membrane potentials in the activity of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, cardiorespiratory system, and various other tissues (such as muscles and sensory organs) in the physiology of consciousness is also explored. Inspiration and expiration are accompanied by oscillating membrane potentials throughout all cells and play a vital role in subconscious human perception of feelings and states of mind. In addition, the role of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and complete nervous system (central, peripheral, and autonomic)within the mind-body space combine to allow consciousness to emerge and to come alive. This concept departs from the notion that the brain is the only organ that gives rise to consciousness

Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Out-of-Body Experiences: Importance of Retinogeniculo-Cortical Oscillations

Current research on the various forms of autoscopic phenomena addresses the clinical and neurological correlates of out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations,and heautoscopy. Yet most of this research is based on functional magnetic resonance imaging results and focuses predominantly on abnormal cortical activity. Previously we proposed that visual consciousness resulted from the dynamic retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations, such that the photoreceptors dynamically integrated with visual and other vision-associated cortices, and was theorized to be mapped out by photoreceptor discs and rich retinal networks which synchronized with the retinotopic mapping and the associated cortex. The feedback from neural input that is received from the thalamus and cortex via retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations and sent to the retina is multifold higher than feed-forward input to the cortex. This can effectively translate into out-of-body experiences projected onto the screen formed by the retina as it is perceived via feedback and feed-forward oscillations from the reticular thalamic nucleus, or “internal searchlight”. This article explores the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus and the retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations as pivotal internal components in vision and various autoscopic phenomena

How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis

The role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4 cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers,photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors’ individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex,and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally ‘‘places” the objects within this ‘‘neural” space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina,but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision

Reducing Police Response to False Alarms Through Permitted Response

Explores the feasibility and effectiveness of initiating a permitted response program in which only alarms for which owners have obtained permits will be responded to