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Walking in Havana, Cuba
Walking pedestrians account for nearly half of all daily trips in Havana. Walking provides many positive and sustainable benefits, including those linked with accessibility, health and energy conservation, but until recently, transport and urban planners have paid relatively little or less attention to the walking environment. Havana is an exceptional case among island cities in many ways and one outstanding feature is the high level of walking with 46 % of all trips carried out by pedestrians. The use of the bicycle accounts for another 1. S % as a sustainable form of mobility. In six other Latin American cities walking and biking taken together account for many less trips resulting in a range of values from 32 % to 40 % ofall trips, in Barranquilla, Curitiba, Guadalajara, Salvador, Recife and Belo Horizante, respectively (Hidalgo Huizenga, 2013, figure 6, p 70). The high values of walking as a share of total trips means that more emphasis should be placed on creating better walking environments.
Good walkability depends on factors woven into the urban fabric, such as creating compact built-up areas and preventing city sprawl, increasing spatial accessibility through good street network design, creating public spaces as well as pedestrian and bicycle networks, stimulating walkability, creating mixed functions in the districts preventing social segregation, protecting green urban areas, and improving of public transport infrastructure (Telega et al., 2021, p 3). Both Telega (and CNC 2020) note that the Charter for New Urbanism is aligned "to growing the supply of neighbourhoods that are both walkable and affordable; work to change the codes and regulations blocking walkable urbanism; and advance design strategies that help communities adapt to climate change and mitigate its future impact".
The main objective in this study is to explore two methods called movement and place mapping, and walkability surveys (or audits), both of which can highlight issues around walkability and provide different types of data for Havana city. The study concludes with some recommendations for improving walkability
Integración de la gestión por procesos y el diseño arquitectónico en organizaciones de servicios públicos
ABSTRACT To achieve bigger effectiveness in the organizational results the current paradigm it imposes the necessity to integrate the management for processes with the architectural design. In the case of the organizations of public services the effectiveness of the processes depends on the internal client´s behavior and of the distribution of the physical space where the processes are developed. The present work proposes a procedure to integrate the management for processes with the architectural design in function of the internal client's necessities. The methods are used of: you interview, causes-effect diagram, determination of the index of the internal client's satisfaction, process simulation, demand-capacity balance and design of systematic planning. The procedure was applied in organizations of public services of Havana. Their application allows obtaining the relative distribution of local, starting from approaches of preset proximities, contributing to a better operation of the processes.RESUMEN Para lograr mayor efectividad en los resultados organizacionales el paradigma actual impone la necesidad de integrar la gestión por procesos con el diseño arquitectónico. En el caso de las organizaciones de servicios públicos la efectividad de los procesos depende del comportamiento del cliente interno y de la distribución del espacio físico donde se desarrollan los procesos. Este trabajo propone un procedimiento para integrar la gestión por procesos con el diseño arquitectónico en función de las necesidades del cliente interno. Se utilizan los métodos de: encuestas, diagrama causa - efecto, determinación del índice de satisfacción del cliente interno, simulación de proceso, balance de demanda - capacidad y diseño de planificación sistemática. El procedimiento fue aplicado en organizaciones de servicios públicos de La Habana. Su aplicación permite obtener la distribución relativa de locales, a partir de criterios de cercanías preestablecidas, contribuyendo a un mejor funcionamiento de los procesos