Empathy in medical education: An opportunity after the COVID-19 crisis

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Periapical Lesions and Their Relationship to Schneider’s Membrane in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Objective. To determine the relationship between the height of the periapical lesions adjacent to the maxillary sinus and the thickness of the Schneider membrane evaluated with cone-beam tomography. Materials and Methods. The universe was made up of 2432 tomography scans and a sample of 976, by systematic random sampling, and took into account those that presented any of the variables and/or both. For the relationship analysis, the sample was distributed according to sex, maxillary side, and age; it was formed between 18 and 86 years, in age groups of 18–36 years, 37–48 years, 49–59 years, and 60–86 years. The quantitative variables of the statistic descriptive analysis, hypothesis tests, and Spearman correlation were recorded. Results. A significantly low correlation (p<0.010) was observed between the periapical lesions and the thickness of the Schneider membrane in women (rho = 0.38) and men (rho = 0.32); in the same way, a significantly low correlation was observed in the age groups of 18–36 years (rho = 0.27) and 37–48 years (rho = 0.28), while a significantly moderate correlation was observed in the age groups of 49–59 years (rho = 0.45) and 60–86 years (rho = 0.44), and with respect to the sides, a significantly low correlation (rho = 0.28) was obtained for the right side and a significantly moderate correlation (rho = 0.45) was obtained on the left side. Conclusion. We found that the height of the periapical lesions and the thickness of the Schneider membrane are significantly related according to age, sex, and maxillary side, this relationship being accentuated at an older age and on the left side

Variability of Sugars Concentrations in Infant Follow-on Formulas with Higher Consumption in Peru: A Preliminary Study

Aim: The aim of the present preliminary study was to determine sugar concentration in infant follow-on formulas most widely consumed in Peru. Materials and methods: In this descriptive and observational study, the sample was represented by five brands of infant follow-on formulas most consumed in Peru (A, Similac 2; B, Enfamil 2®; C, NAN 2®; D, Baby Lac Pro 2®; and E, Lacti Kids Premium 2®); with two samples of each, collected at two different locations in the Peruvian capital. Subsequently, the concentration of total and individual sugars (lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and maltose) was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in a specialized laboratory. For the comparison of means, Welch’s robust analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for equality of means and Tukey’s post hoc test were used. The significance level was p < 0.05. Results: The total sugars concentration per 100 gm of the five infant follow-on formulas showed a mean of 38.9 ± 11.03 gm, being Similac 2, the infant follow-on formula, with the highest concentration of 50.33 ± 0.11 gm and Enfamil 2, the lowest with 22.75 ± 0.06 gm. The average sugars recorded in the laboratory were compared with those on the product label for Similac 2 (50.3 and 53.1 gr), NAN 2 (46.5 and 51.5 gr), Baby Lac Pro 2 (41.5 and 57.0 gr), Lacti Kids Premium 2 (33.3 and 57.0 gr) and Enfamil 2 (22.8 and 56.0 gr). Furthermore, when comparing the infant follow-on formulas, significant differences were observed between all sugar concentrations (p < 0.001), with the follow-on formula with the significantly higher sugar concentration being Similac 2 (p < 0.001) and the one with the significantly lower concentration being Enfamil 2 (p < 0.001). Regarding individual sugars, per 100 gm analyzed, fructose and maltose registered valuesRevisión por pare