Growth impacts in a changing ocean: insights from two coral reef fishes in an extreme environment

Determining the life history consequences for fishes living in extreme and variable environments will be vital in predicting the likely impacts of ongoing climate change on reef fish demography. Here, we compare size-at-age and maximum body size of two common reef fish species (Lutjanus ehrenbergii and Pomacanthus maculosus) between the environmentally extreme Arabian/Persian Gulf (‘Arabian Gulf’) and adjacent comparably benign Oman Sea. Additionally, we use otolith increment width profiles to investigate the influence of temperature, salinity and productivity on the individual growth rates. Individuals of both species showed smaller size-at-age and lower maximum size in the Arabian Gulf compared to conspecifics in the less extreme and less variable environment of the Oman Sea, suggesting a life-history trade-off between size and metabolic demands. Salinity was the best environmental predictor of interannual growth across species and regions, with low growth corresponding to more saline conditions. However, salinity had a weaker negative effect on interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf than in the Oman Sea, indicating Arabian Gulf populations may be better able to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. Temperature had a weak positive effect on the interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf, suggesting that these populations may still be living within their thermal windows. Our results highlight the potential importance of osmoregulatory cost in impacting growth, and the need to consider the effect of multiple stressors when investigating the consequences of future climate change on fish demography

Effects of Tidal Range Variability and Local Morphology on Hydrodynamic Behavior and Salinity Structure in the Caeté River Estuary, North Brazil

Tidal influence and local morphology on circulation and salt transport are investigated in the Caeté river estuary, a well-mixed estuary along the north coast of Brazil. Velocity, temperature, and salinity data were collected in three different locations along the estuary’s main channel, over three single, 13 h tidal cycles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tidal distortion and salinity by using classical methods of comparison of three cross-channel circulation characteristics, as well as computation of salt flux and vertical mixing. Findings indicate a flood-ebb asymmetry in currents, due to the distinct funneling morphology of the estuary, with shallow marginal areas being dominant towards the estuary head, while both stratification and shear dominate near the estuary mouth. The tidal currents enhanced vertical diffusion in the mid- and lower reaches, explaining the prevailing weakly stratified conditions, while the dominant well-mixed conditions in the upper estuary are a result of a combination of stronger flood currents and negligible vertical saline gradient. The predominant downstream salt transport supports the conclusion that there is little accumulation of salt in the Caeté river estuary. In addition, findings indicate that tidal correlation and Stokes drift are important components in the upper estuary, while tidal correlation played an important role in the middle estuary, with fluvial discharge most important in the lower estuary

Water Currents and Water Budget in a Coastal Megastructure, Palm Jumeirah Lagoon, Dubai, UAE

Palm Jumeirah is the most completely developed of several man-made coastal island megaconstructions in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The palm-shaped island, surrounded by an elliptical breakwater, was developed 7 y ago, has an overall footprint of 23 km2, of which the constructed island surface area is 7.9 km2, and is connected to shore via a 5-km-long spine from the mainland to the crescent tip. Time-series observations of hydrographic variables and currents within the interior of the development (Palm Jumeirah Lagoon) during 30 d in April–May 2008 were utilized to examine current flow, tide variability, water budget, vertical mixing, and turnover time within this megastructure. Currents within Palm Jumeirah Lagoon varied between stations; however, similar water temperatures and salinities were apparent throughout all the stations. Palm Jumeirah Lagoon tides were mixed and mainly semidiurnal, with spring and neap tidal ranges measuring 116 and 56 cm, respectively, and no difference in amplitude or phase throughout Palm Jumeirah Lagoon. There were substantial differences in water discharge between the east and west entrances, with high discharge on average exiting the eastern entrance and low discharge exiting the western entrance. These results indicate that the eastern and western halves of Palm Jumeirah Lagoon are flushed unequally and show differences in residence times (1.2 and 42 d, respectively), due to differences in tidal currents, wind influence, and variability of the bathymetric contour. Previous numerical modeling studies of water residence time within Palm Jumeirah Lagoon did not capture this difference, which could be associated with the exclusion of bathymetric variability in the previous modeling. Due to the strong shear and weak saline stratification, the water column throughout Palm Jumeirah Lagoon remained instable, with vertical mixing present during the spring-neap tidal cycle and well-mixed conditions predominating throughout the lagoon system

The influence of thermal extremes on coral reef fish behaviour in the Arabian/Persian Gulf

Despite increasing environmental variability within marine ecosystems, little is known about how coral reef fish species will cope with future climate scenarios. The Arabian/Persian Gulf is an extreme environment, providing an opportunity to study fish behaviour on reefs with seasonal temperature ranges which include both values above the mortality threshold of Indo-Pacific reef fish, and values below the optimum temperature for growth. Summer temperatures in the Gulf are comparable to those predicted for the tropical ocean by 2090–2099. Using field observations in winter, spring and summer, and laboratory experiments, we examined the foraging activity, distance from refugia and resting time of Pomacentrus trichrourus (pale-tail damselfish). Observations of fish behaviour in natural conditions showed that individuals substantially reduced distance from refugia and feeding rate and increased resting time at sub-optimal environmental temperatures in winter (average SST = 21 °C) and summer (average SST = 34 °C), while showing high movement and feeding activity in spring (average SST = 27 °C). Diet was dominated by plankton in winter and spring, while fish used both plankton and benthic trophic resources in summer. These findings were corroborated under laboratory conditions: in a replicated aquarium experiment, time away from refugia and activity were significantly higher at 28 °C (i.e. spring temperature conditions) compared to 21 °C (i.e. winter temperature conditions). Our findings suggest that P. trichrourus may have adapted to the Arabian/Persian Gulf environment by downregulating costly activity during winter and summer and upregulating activity and increasing energy stores in spring. Such adaptive behavioural plasticity may be an important factor in the persistence of populations within increasing environmentally variable coral reef ecosystems

The growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed marine system surrounded by eight countries, many of which are experiencing substantial development. It is also a major center for the oil industry. The increasing array of anthropogenic disturbances may have substantial negative impacts on marine ecosystems, but this has received little attention until recently. We review the available literature on the Gulf’s marine environment and detail our recent experience in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) to evaluate the role of anthropogenic disturbance in this marine ecosystem. Extensive coastal development may now be the single most important anthropogenic stressor. We offer suggestions for how to build awareness of environmental risks of current practices, enhance regional capacity for coastal management, and build cooperative management of this important, shared marine system. An excellent opportunity exists for one or more of the bordering countries to initiate a bold and effective, long-term, international collaboration in environmental management for the Gulf

Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 43.

1995 / 1-2. sz. 1 KIEFER FERENC: Preface 5 ANWAR, MOHAMED SAMI: The case of un- 7 BAUER, LAURIE: Is morpological productivity non-linguistic? 23 BEHRENS, LEILA: Lexical rules cross-cutting inflection and derivation 37 CECH, PETRA: Inflection/derivation in Sepecides-Romani 71 ESCHENLOHR, STEFANIE: Derivational morphology and the system of word classes in German 97 FRADIN, BERNARD: On morphological entities and the copy principle 115 KENESEI ISTVÁN: On bracketing paradoxes in Hungarian 157 KIEFER FERENC: Prefix reduplication in Hungarian 179 NIKOLAJEVIC, DRAGANA: The visual field effects on processing words in grammatical context 199 PLÉH CSABA - JUHÁSZ LEVENTE: Processing of multimorphemic words in Hungarian 215 SUGIOKA, YOKO: Regularity in inflection and derivation : rule vs. analogy in Japanese deverbal compound formation 235 SZYMANEK, BOGDAN: Parametric dimensions in morhology : on inalienable possession in English and Polish 259 ZWANENBURG, WIECHER: French adverb formation, derivation versus inflection and word structure levels 281 1995 / 3-4. sz. 301 KONTRA MIKLÓS: Guest editor's note 305 VÁRADI TAMÁS: Stylistic variation and the (bVn) variable in the Budapest Sociolinguistic Interview 307 BORBÉLY ANNA: Attitudes as a factor of language choice : a sociolinguistic investigation in a bilingual community of Romanian-Hungarians 323 LANGMAN, JULIET: The role of code-switching in achieving understanding : Chinese speakers of Hungarian 335 KONTRA MIKLÓS: English Only's Cousin : Slovak Only 357 BEREGSZÁSZI ANIKÓ: Language planning issues of Hungarian place-names in Subcarpathia 385 FENYVESI ANNA: The case of American Hungarian case : morphological change in McKeesport, PA 393 BARTHA CSILLA: Social and linguistic characteristics of immigrant language shift : the case of Hungarian in Detroit 417 BOOK REVIEWS 445 RIESE, TIMOTHY: Kassai Ilona: Kétnyelvűség és magyar nyelvhasználat = Bilingualism and Hungarian language usage 445 HETZRON, ROBERT: Vázsonyi Andrew - Kontra Miklós: Túl a Kecegárdán : Calumet-vidéki amerikai magyar szótár = Beyond castle garden : an American Hungarian dictionary of the Calumet region 447 FENYVESI ANNA: Zalabai Zsigmod: Mit ér a nyelvünk, ha magyar? = What is our language worth if it is Hungarian? 448 PECKHAM, DONALD W.: Jeffrey Harlig - Pléh Csaba: When East met West : sociolinguistics in the former socialist bloc 449 OLSSON, MAGNUS: Response to Siptár's review 45