Immunohistochemical localization of NPY, VIP and 5-HT in the thyroid gland of the lizard, Podarcis sicula.

The thyroid gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula was immunohistochemically studied in adult male specimens using specific antibodies against NPY, VIP and 5-HT and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) procedure to localize the three peptides. Fine beaded VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers ran between the follicles, and VIP-immunoreactivity was evenly distributed in the apical cytoplasm of follicular cells. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found around the follicles, and, in the cells, immunoreactivity was localizated only in the cellular apices. Immunoreactivity to 5-HT was observed in the colloid, with a concentration in the follicular lumen exceeding that in the follicular cells. In fact, most follicles showed immunoreactivity in the cytoplasmic bridges formed between the apical portion of the follicular cells and the colloid

Dietary determinants of postprandial blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between meal nutrients and postprandial blood glucose response (PGR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system (HCLS). Methods: The dietary composition of 1264 meals (398 breakfasts, 441 lunches and 425 dinners) was assessed by 7-day food records completed by 25 individuals with type 1 diabetes on HCLSs (12 men/13 women, mean ± SD age 40 ± 12 years, mean ± SD HbA1c 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.9 ± 0.2%]). For each meal, PGR (continuous glucose monitoring metrics, glucose incremental AUCs) and insulin doses (pre-meal boluses, post-meal microboluses automatically delivered by the pump and adjustment boluses) over 6 h were evaluated. Results: Breakfast, lunch and dinner significantly differed with respect to energy and nutrient intake and insulin doses. The blood glucose postprandial profile showed an earlier peak after breakfast and a slow increase until 4 h after lunch and dinner (p < 0.001). Mean ± SD postprandial time in range (TIR) was better at breakfast (79.3 ± 22.2%) than at lunch (71.3 ± 23.9%) or dinner (70.0 ± 25.9%) (p < 0.001). Significant negative predictors of TIR at breakfast were total energy intake, per cent intake of total protein and monounsaturated fatty acids, glycaemic load and absolute amounts of cholesterol, carbohydrates and simple sugars consumed (p < 0.05 for all). No significant predictors were detected for TIR at lunch. For TIR at dinner, a significant positive predictor was the per cent intake of plant proteins, while negative predictors were glycaemic load and intake amounts of simple sugars and carbohydrate (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions/interpretation: This study shows that nutritional factors other than the amount of carbohydrate significantly influence postprandial blood glucose control. These nutritional determinants vary between breakfast, lunch and dinner, with differing effects on postprandial blood glucose profile and insulin requirements, thus remaining a challenge to HCLSs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Relationships adrenal gland-thyroid gland: Effects of ACTH and Bentelan administration on the morphology of the thyroid gland of Triturus cristatus

A group of adult male specimens of Triturus cristatus was treated with i.p. injections of ACTH 4 U.I. and another group with i.p. injections of Bentelan 7,5 γ. The thyroids were excised after 3, 7, 9 injections. The specimens were treated in February-March when the thyroid gland shows a strong functional activity. In treated specimens after 7 injections and much more after 9 injections of ACTH or of Betametasone the gland shows morphological signs of inhibition: the follicular epithelium is very low and the colloid is compact

Morphophysiology of the thyroid gland of Triturus cristatus carnifex following treatment with adrenaline and noradrenaline [LA TIROIDE DEL TRITONE (TRITURUS CRISTATUS CARNIFEX) DOPO TRATTAMENTO CON ADRENALINA E NORADRENALINA]

The A.A. describe the aspects of morphophysiology of the thyroid gland of TRITURUS CRISTATUS CARNIFEX Laur. after administration of adrenaline and noradrenaline respectively in January and May. In January, the thyroid shows aspects of intense activity and the administration of adrenaline induces evident signs of a complete blockade. In May, the gland features a low activity and noradrenaline treatment has a noticeable stimulating effect on the thyroid