Classification of <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> salivary gland transcriptome based on predicted Gene ontology (GO) terms.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Biological Processes (<b>B</b>) Molecular Function (<b>C</b>) Cellular Component.</p

Insight into the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of <i>Lygus lineolaris</i> (Palisot de Beauvois)

<div><p>The tarnished plant bug (TPB), <i>Lygus lineolaris</i> (Palisot de Beauvois) is a polyphagous, phytophagous insect that has emerged as a major pest of cotton, alfalfa, fruits, and vegetable crops in the eastern United States and Canada. Using its piercing-sucking mouthparts, TPB employs a “lacerate and flush” feeding strategy in which saliva injected into plant tissue degrades cell wall components and lyses cells whose contents are subsequently imbibed by the TPB. It is known that a major component of TPB saliva is the polygalacturonase enzymes that degrade the pectin in the cell walls. However, not much is known about the other components of the saliva of this important pest. In this study, we explored the salivary gland transcriptome of TPB using Illumina sequencing. After <i>in silico</i> conversion of RNA sequences into corresponding polypeptides, 25,767 putative proteins were discovered. Of these, 19,540 (78.83%) showed significant similarity to known proteins in the either the NCBI nr or Uniprot databases. Gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to 7,512 proteins, and 791 proteins in the sialotranscriptome of TPB were found to collectively map to 107 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways. A total of 3,653 Pfam domains were identified in 10,421 sialotranscriptome predicted proteins resulting in 12,814 Pfam annotations; some proteins had more than one Pfam domain. Functional annotation revealed a number of salivary gland proteins that potentially facilitate degradation of host plant tissues and mitigation of the host plant defense response. These transcripts/proteins and their potential roles in TPB establishment are described.</p></div

Top 20 species exhibiting alignments (E-value ≤1.00E-05) to the <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> sialotranscriptome.

<p>Top 20 species exhibiting alignments (E-value ≤1.00E-05) to the <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> sialotranscriptome.</p

Phylogenetic relationships of polygalacturonase transcripts of <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> with polygalacturonases from other mirid bugs.

<p>Phylogenetic relationships of polygalacturonase transcripts of <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> with polygalacturonases from other mirid bugs.</p

Scanning electron micrograph of excised salivary glands of the tarnished plant bug <i>Lygus lineolaris</i>.

<p>Scanning electron micrograph of excised salivary glands of the tarnished plant bug <i>Lygus lineolaris</i>.</p

Venn diagram showing distribution of 15,980 <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> salivary gland proteins with BLASTP alignments to <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>, and <i>Lygus hesperus</i>.

<p>Venn diagram showing distribution of 15,980 <i>L</i>. <i>lineolaris</i> salivary gland proteins with BLASTP alignments to <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i>, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>, and <i>Lygus hesperus</i>.</p

Comparison of RNA-seq data with current equine gene models:

<p>(a) <i>PKM2</i> showing 9 <i>in silico</i> prediction sites, of which two are positioned 5′ upstream to exon 1; (b) <i>CRISP3</i> with 3 <i>in silico</i> prediction sites, all located 5′ upstream to exon 1; (c) <i>PRM1</i> and <i>TNP2</i> cluster (the protamine cluster) with 12 <i>in silico</i> prediction sites of which only two align with <i>PRM1</i> and <i>TNP2</i> exons. Black boxes with numbers –exons in current gene models; blue boxes –very highly expressed tags (AC≥100); red boxes–highly expressed tags (10</p

Summary statistics for mapped RNA sequence tags

<p>: (<b>a</b>) Comparison of mapped tags (AC≥1) between the two sperm samples; (<b>b</b>) Proportions of tags with very high (AC≥100), high (10</p

Distribution and expression of mapped RNA sequence tags in the horse genome.

<p><b>Mb</b>–megabase-pair; <b>AC</b>–average coverage; <b>Mt</b>–mitochondrial genome; map information for horse chromosomes was retrieved from Ensemb (<a href="http://www.ensembl.org/index" target="_blank">http://www.ensembl.org/index</a>. html); * includes known and novel protein coding, miRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and Misc RNA genes.</p

ECAY transcripts in stallion sperm.

<p>Agarose gel images showing RT-PCR amplicons of 7 ECAY genes and transcripts in stallion sperm.</p