The European Arrest Warrant: the role of judges when human rights are at risk

This article examines the role of the judiciary in protecting fundamental rights in European extradition cases, in particular the impact of the European Court of Human Rights' decision in Mss v Belgium and Greece

Detained without trial: Fair Trials International‟s response to the European Commission‟s Green Paper on detention

The report presents the case studies of 11 individuals whose rights were infringed due to excessive and unjustified pre-trial detention. The report analyses the pre-trial detention regimes of 15 EU Member States: the Czech Republic, France, England and Wales, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden. Key statistical data on rates of pre-trial detention in these and other EU countries are presented in Appendix 1. The report was submitted to the European Commission in response to its Green Paper on detention issued in 2010

Phylogeny and historical biogeography of silky lacewings (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)

Psychopsidae (silky winged lacewings) are a small family of Neuroptera characterized by broad hirsute wings that impart a physical resemblance to moths. The fossil record includes many psychopsid-like taxa from the Late Triassic to Early Oligocene from all major continents. Extant species have a disjunct, tripartite distribution comprising Afrotropical, Southeast Asian and Australian regions that is significant to historical biogeography. Two subfamilies are currently recognized: Zygophlebiinae in the Afrotropics, and Psychopsinae in Australia and Southeast Asia. This study explores phylogeny and historical biogeography of Psychopsidae, using data from biogeography, comparative morphology and molecular sequences (16S, 18S, CAD, COI). Our results show that: (i) the morphological phylogeny is incongruent with molecular data; (ii) Afrotropical Silveira Navás represent a separate lineage that warrants placement in its own subfamily; (iii) the family originated in Pangea; and (iv) the present genus level distribution resulted from two vicariance events associated with Gondwanan fragmentation.The National Research Foundation (NRF), the Research and Development funding body at the University of Pretoria and the JRS Biodiversity Foundation, U.S.A.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-31132019-01-30hj2018Zoology and Entomolog

On Afromantispa and Mantispa (Insecta, Neuroptera, Mantispidae) : elucidating generic boundaries

The genus Afromantispa Snyman & Ohl, 2012 was recently synonymised with Mantispa Illiger, 1798 by Monserrat (2014). Here morphological evidence is presented in support of restoring the genus Afromantispa stat. rev. to its previous status as a valid and morphologically distinct genus. Twelve new combinations (comb. n.) are proposed as species of Afromantispa including three new synonyms.Werner Strümpher is thanked for his valuable and critical comments on the manuscript. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Johan Saayman for his enthusiasm and willingness to help with the photography, as well as Morgan Trimble for some of the photos used in this publication. Mervyn Mansell is thanked for his willingness to discuss and for his meaningful advice. We are also grateful for all the staff of SANC, MRAC and ZMB who helped with the curation and lending of specimens.The National Research Foundationhttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/am201

On Afromantispa and Mantispa (Insecta, Neuroptera, Mantispidae) : elucidating generic boundaries

Werner Strümpher is thanked for his valuable and critical comments on the manuscript. We would also like to extend our gratitude to Johan Saayman for his enthusiasm and willingness to help with the photography, as well as Morgan Trimble for some of the photos used in this publication. Mervyn Mansell is thanked for his willingness to discuss and for his meaningful advice. We are also grateful for all the staff of SANC, MRAC and ZMB who helped with the curation and lending of specimens.The genus Afromantispa Snyman & Ohl, 2012 was recently synonymised with Mantispa Illiger, 1798 by Monserrat (2014). Here morphological evidence is presented in support of restoring the genus Afromantispa stat. rev. to its previous status as a valid and morphologically distinct genus. Twelve new combinations (comb. n.) are proposed as species of Afromantispa including three new synonyms.The National Research Foundationhttp://zookeys.pensoft.net/am201

Phylogeny and biogeography of southern African spoon-winged lacewings (Neuroptera : Nemopteridae : Nemopterinae)

Nemopteridae are a charismatic family of lacewings characterised by uniquely extended hind wings.They are an ancient widespread group in the drier regions of the world. The family comprises two subfamilies, Crocinae (thread-wings) and Nemopterinae (spoon- and ribbon-wings). The present distribution of the family has been largely influenced by the vicariant events of plate tectonics, resulting in relict populations in some parts of the world and extensive evolutionary radiations in others, particularly southern Africa where the vast majority of the species are endemic to the Western and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa. This study aimed to establish the validity of the 11 currently recognised genera and infer their biogeographic history using molecular sequence data from four gene regions. The hypothesis that the Cape nemopterines co-evolved with certain taxa in the Cape Floristic Region was also tested. Phylogenetic analysis supports seven of the 11 currently recognised genera. The crown age of the Nemopterinae is estimated to be at ca. 145.6 Mya, indicating that the group has been present since the late Jurassic. Most of the genera appear to have diversified during the middle Eocene and into the middle Miocene (ca. 44 - 11 Mya) with recent rapid radiation of several of the genera occurring during the late Miocene (ca. 6 - 4.5 Mya). While these data support an initial radiation with the Rushioideae (Aizoaceae) it is recommended that further study including observations and gut content be carried out. [238]Funding for the genetic analysis was provided through the National Research Foundation (NRF) with additional private funding from J.B. Ball.www.elsevier.com/locate/ympevhb2013ab201

What do the JAMA editors say when they discuss manuscripts that they are considering for publication? Developing a schema for classifying the content of editorial discussion

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In an effort to identify previously unrecognized aspects of editorial decision-making, we explored the words and phrases that one group of editors used during their meetings.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed an observational study of discussions at manuscript meetings at <it>JAMA</it>, a major US general medical journal. One of us (KD) attended 12 editorial meetings in 2003 as a visitor and took notes recording phrases from discussion surrounding 102 manuscripts. In addition, editors attending the meetings completed a form for each manuscript considered, listing the reasons they were inclined to proceed to the next step in publication and reasons they were not (DR attended 4/12 meetings). We entered the spoken and written phrases into NVivo 2.0. We then developed a schema for classifying the editors' phrases, using an iterative approach.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our classification schema has three main themes: science, journalism, and writing. We considered 2,463 phrases, of which 87 related mainly to the manuscript topic and were not classified (total 2,376 classified). Phrases related to science predominated (1,274 or 54%). The editors, most of whom were physicians, also placed major weight on goals important to JAMA's mission (journalism goals) such as importance to medicine, strategic emphasis for the journal, interest to the readership, and results (729 or 31% of phrases). About 16% (n = 373) of the phrases used related to writing issues, such as clarity and responses to the referees' comments.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Classification of editorial discourse provides insight into editorial decision making and concepts that need exploration in future studies.</p

Fexofenadine and rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in mice with targeted disruption of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2b1

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is a widely expressed membrane transporter with diverse substrate specificity. In vitro and clinical studies suggest a role for intestinal OATP2B1 in the oral absorption of medications. Moreover, OATP2B1 is highly expressed in hepatocytes where it is thought to promote liver drug clearance. However, until now, a shortcoming of studies implicating OATP2B1 in drug disposition has been a lack of in vivomodels.Here,we report the development of a knockout (KO) mousemodel with targeted, global disruption of the Slco2b1 gene to examine the disposition of two confirmed mOATP2B1 substrates, namely, fexofenadine and rosuvastatin. The plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered fexofenadine was not different between KO and wildtype (WT) mice. However, after oral fexofenadine administration, KO mice had 70% and 41% lower maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasmaconcentration-timecurve (AUC0-last) than WT mice, respectively. In WT mice, coadministration of fexofenadine with grapefruit juice (GFJ) or apple juice (AJ) was associated with reduced Cmax by 80% and 88%, respectively, while the AUC0-last values were lower by 35% and 70%, respectively. In KO mice, AJ coadministration reduced oral fexofenadine Cmax and AUC0-last values by 67% and 59%, respectively, while GFJ had no effects. Intravenous and oral rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics were similar among WT and KO mice. We conclude that intestinal OATP2B1 is a determinant of oral fexofenadine absorption, as well as a target for fruit juice interactions. OATP2B1 does not significantly influence rosuvastatin disposition in mice

Sensitivity and performance of the Advanced LIGO detectors in the third observing run

On April 1st, 2019, the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (aLIGO), joined by the Advanced Virgo detector, began the third observing run, a year-long dedicated search for gravitational radiation. The LIGO detectors have achieved a higher duty cycle and greater sensitivity to gravitational waves than ever before, with LIGO Hanford achieving angle-averaged sensitivity to binary neutron star coalescences to a distance of 111 Mpc, and LIGO Livingston to 134 Mpc with duty factors of 74.6% and 77.0% respectively. The improvement in sensitivity and stability is a result of several upgrades to the detectors, including doubled intracavity power, the addition of an in-vacuum optical parametric oscillator for squeezed-light injection, replacement of core optics and end reaction masses, and installation of acoustic mode dampers. This paper explores the purposes behind these upgrades, and explains to the best of our knowledge the noise currently limiting the sensitivity of each detector.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, and the Max-Planck-Society (MPS) for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors acknowledge the LIGO Scientific Collaboration Fellows program for additional support. LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation, and operates under cooperative Agreement No. PHY1764464. Advanced LIGO was built under Award No. PHY-0823459. This paper carries LIGO Document Number LIGO-P2000122

Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) : an anchored phylogenomics approach

A phylogeny of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using anchored hybrid enrichment data is presented. Using this phylogenomic approach, we analysed 137 kb of sequence data (with < 10% missing) for 82 species in 50 genera of Chrysopidae under Bayesian and maximum likelihood criteria. We recovered a strongly supported tree topologically congruent with recently published phylogenies, especially relationships amongst higher‐level groups. The subfamily Nothochrysinae was recovered as paraphyletic, with one clade sister to the rest of Chrysopidae, and the second clade containing the nominal genus (Nothochrysa Navás) as sister to the subfamily Apochrysinae. Chrysopinae was recovered as a monophyletic with the monobasic Nothancylini tribe n. sister to the rest of the subfamily. Leucochrysini was recovered sister to Belonopterygini, and Chrysopini was rendered paraphyletic with respect to Ankylopterygini. Divergence times and diversification estimates indicate a major shift in rate in ancestral Chrysopini at the end of the Cretaceous, and the extensive radiation of Chrysopinae, the numerically dominant clade of green lacewings, began in the Mid‐Paleogene (c. 45 Ma).Table S1. Taxa used in this study, including SRA accession numbers.Table S2. Divergence time estimates (mean ages and ranges) and branch support values for nodes in Figs 2 and S1. PP, posterior probability.Figure S1. Chronogram node numbers and fossils.Figure S2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Chrysopidae using AHE data. Bootstrap support values are indicated on nodes and grouped by colour according to value.Figure S3. Nucleotide Astral tree.Figure S4. BAMM plot showing the two most common shift configurations in the credible set. The ‘f’ number corresponds to the proportion of the posterior samples in which this configuration is present.Figure S5. Macroevolutionary cohort matrix for diversifica-tion. Each cell in the matrix is coded by a colour denoting the pairwise probability that two species share a common macroevolutionary rate regime. The maximum clade credi-bility tree is shown for reference in the left and upper margins of each cohort matrix.Figure S6. BAMM rate shift tree showing the overall best fit configuration. Red circles signify placement of shifts.File S1. Chrysopidae Anchored hybrid enrichment alignment. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1111%2Fsyen.12347&file=syen12347-sup-0001-FileS1.txt)File S2. Chrysopidae anchored hybrid enrichment, partition datasets. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1111%2Fsyen.12347&file=syen12347-sup-0002-FileS2.txt)Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (209447/2013–3, to JPG), the US National Science Foundation (DEB-1144119, to SLW; DEB-1144162, to MSE; and DEB-0933588, to JDO) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5162016) (to XL).https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/136531132020-07-01hj2019Zoology and Entomolog