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    Is there a relationship between prenatal cannabis exposure and the development of aggressive behaviour?

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    Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2018/2019.Numerous studies focusing on the effects of cannabis use at the psychobiological level have shown cognitive impairment as well as memory and attention deficits. However, very few studies have investigated the effects that cannabis use, during pregnancy, may have on future offspring, particularly with regards to aggressive or violent behaviour. Here, we reviewed the literature with the aim of drawing conclusions on this topic. To do so, four databases were searched (Pubmed, PubPsych, Psynet and Science Direct) with the key words: cannabis, pregnancy and aggressive behaviour. Clear inclusion criteria (only research articles published between 2008 and 2019 that focused on marijuana and human sample) was used. The studies found showed certain common denominators with respect to the sample: low educational and socio-economic levels, as well as comorbidity with alcohol and tobacco use. With respect to the offspring; in children of cannabis users, a lower than average fetal somatometry was observed.Between 1 and 3 years old, low levels of attention and high impulsivity were found, as well as a high presence of externalizing behaviours (hyperactivity, irritability and aggressiveness), which are more frequent in girls. At the neurobiological level, possible mechanisms are proposed, highlighting the role of the stress axis (hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal; HPA) and of brain areas with structural alterations and connectivity deficits due to prenatal exposure (prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus). Despite the low number of investigations, the data show a relationship between cannabis use during gestation and the presence of behavioural alterations in childhood. These disturbances may be related to the development of aggressive and violent behaviour in later stages of development.Numerosas investigaciones centradas en el estudio de los efectos que produce el consumo de cannabis a nivel psicobiol贸gico han demostrado deterioro cognitivo, afectaci贸n de la memoria y de la atenci贸n. Sin embargo, muy pocos estudios han investigado los efectos que el consumo de cannabis durante el embarazo pudiera producir en la futura descendencia, en particular respecto a la conducta agresiva o violenta. En el presente trabajo se realiz贸 una revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica que tuvo como objetivo intentar obtener conclusiones a este respecto. Para ello ser realiz贸 una b煤squeda en cuatro bases de datos (Pubmed, PubPsych, Psynet y Science Direct), con las palabras clave: cannabis, pregnancy y aggressive behavior, y siguiendo unos criterios de inclusi贸n claros (solo art铆culos de investigaci贸n, publicados entre 2008 y 2019, centrados en la marihuana y con muestra humana). Los estudios encontrados muestran ciertos denominadores comunes respecto a la muestra: bajos niveles educativos y socio-econ贸micos, as铆 como comorbilidad con el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Respecto a la descendencia; en hijo/as de consumidoras de cannabis, se observa una somatometr铆a fetal inferior a la media. Entre los 1 y 3 a帽os se observan niveles bajos de atenci贸n y altos en impulsividad as铆 como una elevada presencia de conductas externalizantes (hiperactividad, irritabilidad y agresividad), las cuales son m谩s frecuentes en ni帽as. A nivel neurobiol贸gico, se proponen posibles mecanismos implicados, destacando el papel del eje del estr茅s (hipotal谩mico-pituitario-adrenal; HPA) y de 谩reas cerebrales con deterioro tanto a nivel estructural como de conectividad a causa de la exposici贸n prenatal (c贸rtex prefrontal, am铆gdala e hipocampo). A pesar del bajo n煤mero de investigaciones realizadas de esta 铆ndole, los datos muestran una relaci贸n entre el consumo de cannabis durante la gestaci贸n y la presencia de alteraciones de conducta en la ni帽ez. Estas alteraciones pudieran relacionarse con el desarrollo de conducta agresiva y violenta en etapas posteriores del desarrollo
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