Revealing Preferences for Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining

The ultimatum game has been the primary tool for studying bargaining behavior in recent years. However, not enough information is gathered in the ultimatum game to get a clear picture of respondersâ?? utility functions. We analyze a convex ultimatum game in which respondersâ?? can â??shrinkâ?� an offer as well as to accept or reject it. This allows us to observe enough about respondersâ?? preferences to estimate utility functions. We then successfully use data collected from convex ultimatum games to predict behavior in standard games. Our analysis reveals that rejections can be â??rationalizedâ?� with neo-classical preferences over own- and other-payoff that are convex, nonmonotonic, and regular. These findings present a precise benchmark for models of fairness and bargaining.

Automatic Response Assessment in Regions of Language Cortex in Epilepsy Patients Using ECoG-based Functional Mapping and Machine Learning

Accurate localization of brain regions responsible for language and cognitive functions in Epilepsy patients should be carefully determined prior to surgery. Electrocorticography (ECoG)-based Real Time Functional Mapping (RTFM) has been shown to be a safer alternative to the electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ESM), which is currently the clinical/gold standard. Conventional methods for analyzing RTFM signals are based on statistical comparison of signal power at certain frequency bands. Compared to gold standard (ESM), they have limited accuracies when assessing channel responses. In this study, we address the accuracy limitation of the current RTFM signal estimation methods by analyzing the full frequency spectrum of the signal and replacing signal power estimation methods with machine learning algorithms, specifically random forest (RF), as a proof of concept. We train RF with power spectral density of the time-series RTFM signal in supervised learning framework where ground truth labels are obtained from the ESM. Results obtained from RTFM of six adult patients in a strictly controlled experimental setup reveal the state of the art detection accuracy of $\approx 78\%$ for the language comprehension task, an improvement of $23\%$ over the conventional RTFM estimation method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the use of machine learning approaches for determining RTFM signal characteristics, and using the whole-frequency band for better region localization. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of machine learning based RTFM signal analysis method over the full spectrum to be a clinical routine in the near future.Comment: This paper will appear in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC) 201

Trust in Private and Common Property Experiments

We report the results from a series of experiments designed to investigate behavior in two settings that are frequently posited in the policy literature as generating different outcomes: private property and common property. The experimental settings closely parallel earlier experimental studies of the investment or trust game. The primary research question relates to the effect of the initial allocation of property rights on the level of trust that subjects will extend to others with whom they are linked. We find that assigning the initial endowments as common property of each of N pairs of a first mover and second mover leads to marginally greater cooperation or trust than when the initial endowments are fully owned by the two individual movers as their, respective, private property. Subjectsâ?? decisions are also shown to be correlated with attitudes toward trust and fairness that are measured in post-experiment questionnaires.

111. Temporary Protection

The authors argue for a humane and dignified conceptualization of temporary protection, in which "refugee containment" is emphatically rejected. Mechanisms to respond to refugee vulnerabilities, safeguard the family, preserve forms of social organization, and meaningfully involve refugees in constructive interaction with their host communities are outlined. A maximum duration of five years is proposed, subject both to early adjustment to meet special needs and a firm commitment to ensure a permanent solution at the expiration of that timefame. The necessity of mandated repatriation in safety and dignity is acknowledged, though proposals are advanced to maximize voluntary repatriation as a preferred response. This is a substantially abbreviated version of the authors' original work. Please refer to the notice at the end of this section if you are interested in obtaining a full copy of the paper, which is expected to be published in mid-1996

Industry Career Guide: Wholesale and Retail Trade

The Wholesale and Retail Trade (WRT) industry belongs to the services sector. In the Philippines, it is generally composed of three divisions, namely: Division 50, which consist of Sale, Maintenance and Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, Retail Sale of Automotive Fuel, Division 51, on the other hand, which consist of Wholesale Trade and Commission Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, and Division 52, consisting of Retail Trade, Except of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles, Repair of Personal and Household Goods

Revealing Preferences for Fairness in Ultimatum Bargaining

The ultimatum game has been the primary tool for studying bargaining behavior in recent years. However, not enough information is gathered in the ultimatum game to get a clear picture of responders’ utility functions. We analyze a convex ultimatum game in which responders’ can “shrink” an offer as well as to accept or reject it. This allows us to observe enough about responders’ preferences to estimate utility functions. We then successfully use data collected from convex ultimatum games to predict behavior in standard games. Our analysis reveals that rejections can be “rationalized” with neo-classical preferences over own- and other-payoff that are convex, nonmonotonic, and regular. These findings present a precise benchmark for models of fairness and bargaining

Career Guide: Wholesale and Retail Trade Policy Brief (WRT)

The WRT industry is a leading employer in the Philippines, with an annual average of 18-19% of total Philippine employment from 2006-2010. It contributed an average of 16.85% annually to the country’s gross domestic product, 2006- 2009. The wholesale subsector’s share was an average of 3.98% annually, while the retail subsector’s was an average of 12.87% annually. WRT is poised to continuously support the country’s bid to sustain economic growth and be a dominant force in the labor market

Trust in Private and Common Property Experiments

We report the results from a series of experiments designed to investigate behavior in two settings that are frequently posited in the policy literature as generating different outcomes: private property and common property. The experimental settings closely parallel earlier experimental studies of the investment or trust game. The primary research question relates to the effect of the initial allocation of property rights on the level of trust that subjects will extend to others with whom they are linked. We find that assigning the initial endowments as common property of each of N pairs of a first mover and second mover leads to marginally greater cooperation or trust than when the initial endowments are fully owned by the two individual movers as their, respective, private property. Subjects’ decisions are also shown to be correlated with attitudes toward trust and fairness that are measured in post-experiment questionnaires