1,254 research outputs found
The interaction between temperament and the family environment in adolescent substance use and externalizing behaviors : support for diathesisâstress or differential susceptibility?
Both individual and environmental factors predict externalizing behaviors and substance use (EB-SU); however, different patterns of interaction among these factors may have different implications. This review first examines how temperament and the family environment interact in the prediction of adolescent EB-SU. Second, studies are reviewed according to two theoretical models: (1) diathesisâstress, i.e., certain individual characteristics are linked to vulnerability and later problems in adverse environments; (2) differential susceptibility, i.e., these characteristics are linked to susceptibility, predicting problems in adverse environments, but also better than average outcomes in good environments. Fourteen studies focusing on the prediction of EB-SU at ages 12â18 were selected through a literature search. Results showed that certain temperament traits (high levels of impulsivity and disinhibition; low levels of effortful control, negative affect, fearfulness and shyness), hereby designated as âadventurousâ disposition, were associated with higher levels of EB-SU in adverse family environments. Some studies also showed that children with âadventurousâ temperament traits in positive environments had the lowest levels of EB-SU. This suggests that prevention of EB-SU might target family factors such as parenting and focus on children with âadventurousâ temperament traits. Further, studies that supported the differential susceptibility model were those assessing temperament and the family environment in childhood and studies that supported the diathesisâstress model assessed these variables in adolescence. It is thus possible that some of these âadventurousâ temperament traits, with regard to EB-SU, would be indicators of susceptibility to both enriched and adverse environments in childhood but no longer in adolescence, when they would only be indicators of vulnerability to adverse environments
Adolescent cannabis use, change in neurocognitive function, and High-School Graduation : a longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood
The main objective of this prospective longitudinal study was to investigate bidirectional associations between adolescent cannabis use (CU) and neurocognitive performance in a community sample of 294 young men from ages 13 to 20 years. The results showed that in early adolescence, and prior to initiation to CU, poor short-term and working memory, but high verbal IQ, were associated with earlier age of onset of CU. In turn, age of CU onset and CU frequency across adolescence were associated with (a) specific neurocognitive decline in verbal IQ and executive function tasks tapping trial and error learning and reward processing by early adulthood and (b) lower rates of high-school graduation. The association between CU onset and change in neurocognitive function, however, was found to be accounted for by CU frequency. Whereas the link between CU frequency across adolescence and change in verbal IQ was explained (mediated) by high school graduation, the link between CU frequency and tasks tapping trial and error learning were independent from high school graduation, concurrent cannabis and other substance use, adolescent alcohol use, and externalizing behaviors. Findings support prevention efforts aimed at delaying onset and reducing frequency of CU
The effect of contextual risk factors on the effectiveness of brief personalityâtargeted interventions for adolescent alcohol use and misuse : a clusterârandomized trial
Background
A range of schoolâbased prevention programs has been developed and used to prevent, delay, or reduce alcohol use among adolescents. Most of these programs have been evaluated at the communityâlevel impact. However, the effect of contextual risk factors has rarely been considered in the evaluation of these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential moderating effects of 2 important contextual risk factors (i.e., socioeconomic status [SES] and peer victimization) on the effectiveness of the schoolâbased personalityâtargeted interventions (Preventure program) in reducing adolescent alcohol use over a 2âyear period using a clusterârandomized trial.
Methods
Highârisk adolescents were identified using personality scores on the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale and randomized to intervention and control groups. Two 90âminute cognitive behavioral therapyâbased group sessions targeted 1 of 4 personality risk profiles: Anxiety Sensitivity, Hopelessness, Impulsivity, or Sensation Seeking. Multilevel linear modeling of alcohol use, binge drinking, and drinkingârelated harm was conducted to assess the moderating effect of baseline peer victimization and SES.
Results
Results indicated that the Preventure program was equally beneficial to all adolescents, regardless of SES and victimization history, in terms of their alcohol outcomes and related harm. Receiving the intervention was additionally beneficial for adolescents reporting peer victimization regarding their alcoholârelated harm compared to nonvictimized youth (ÎČ = â0.29, SE = 0.11, p = 0.014).
Conclusions
Findings suggest that the content of personalityâtargeted interventions is beneficial for all highârisk youth regardless of their SES or experience of peer victimization. The current study suggests that using targeted approaches, such as targeting underlying personality risk factors, may be the most appropriate substance use prevention strategy for highârisk youth, as it is beneficial for all highârisk youth regardless of their contextual risk factors
Mechanisms of personality-targeted intervention effects on adolescent alcohol misuse, internalising and externalising symptoms
Objective: This study aims to explore the mechanisms of personality-targeted
intervention effects on problematic drinking, internalising and externalising symptoms.
Method: As part of a cluster-randomised trial, 1210 high-risk students (mean age 13.7
years) in 19 London high schools (42.6% white, 54% male) were identified using the
Substance Use Risk Profile Scale. Intervention school participants were invited to
participate in personality-matched interventions by trained school staff. MacKinnonâs
products of coefficients method was used to compare three complementary mechanism
hypotheses, namely, whether early changes in i) alcohol use, ii) internalising and
externalising symptoms or iii) personality during the 6 months post-intervention
accounted for intervention effects over 2 years.
Results: Early intervention effects on drinking behaviours during the 6 months postintervention
partially accounted for longer term intervention effects on the onset of binge
drinking (95% CI -.349 to -.062) and drinking problems (95% CI -.206 to -.016) over 2
years. Intervention effects on anxiety symptoms and conduct problems were partially
mediated by early reductions in depressive symptoms (95% CI -.013 to -.001; 95% CI -
.047 to -.001), and intervention effects on internalising symptoms were also partially
mediated by reductions in anxiety sensitivity (95% CI -.003 to 0).
Conclusions: 2 year intervention effects on problematic drinking were largely accounted
for by early changes in drinking behaviours, and were not mediated by changes in mental
health symptoms or personality risk factors. Early improvements in mood and anxiety
sensitivity partially mediated longer term reductions in mental health problems
The interactive effects of parental knowledge with impulsivity and sensation seeking in adolescent substance use
This study examined whether interactions of parental knowledge of adolescentâs whereabouts with impulsivity and sensation seeking in the prediction of adolescent substance use supported the diathesisâstress or differential susceptibility model in 230 15-year old adolescents (53% girls). Interactions between impulsivity and parental knowledge supported the diathesisâstress model with high impulsivity as a vulnerability factor: when impulsivity was higher, low levels of parental knowledge were associated with higher levels of substance use. Interactions between sensation seeking and parental knowledge supported differential susceptibility with low sensation seeking as a susceptibility factor; low parental knowledge was associated with higher substance use and high parental knowledge with lower substance use when sensation seeking was lower. Our results show that impulsivity and sensation seeking should be considered independently. Results support previous research suggesting that impulsivity in adolescence may act as a vulnerability factor and suggests that low sensation seeking may be a susceptibility factor
Modelling vocabulary development among multilingual children prior to and following the transition to school entry
Differences between monolingual and multilingual vocabulary development have been observed but few studies provide a longitudinal perspective on vocabulary development before and following school entry. This study compares vocabulary growth profiles of 106 multilingual children to 211 monolingual peers before and after school entry to examine whether: (1) school entry coincides with different rates of vocabulary growth compared to prior to school entry, (2) compared to monolingual peers, multilingual children show different vocabulary sizes or rates of vocabulary growth, (3) the age of onset of second-language acquisition for multilingual children is associated with vocabulary size or rate of vocabulary growth, and (4) the sociolinguistic context of the languages spoken by multilingual children is associated with vocabulary size or rate of vocabulary growth. Results showed increases in vocabulary size across time for all children, with a steeper increase prior to school entry. A significant difference between monolingual and multilingual children who speak a minority language was observed with regards to vocabulary size at school entry and vocabulary growth prior to school entry, but growth rate differences were no longer present following school entry. Taken together, results suggest that which languages children speak may matter more than being multilingual per se
Academic, socioeconomic and interpersonal consequences of cannabis use : a narrative review
This article reviews the literature on the association between cannabis use (CU) and psychosocial functioning, operationalized here as academic achievement, economic prospects, social relationships and quality of life. So far, study results have been inconsistent. To clarify whether CU has an impact on psychosocial functioning, this article mainly reviewed prospective and longitudinal studies published since 2000 and examined whether studies controlled for confounding factors (e.g. socio-demographics, other substance use, psychopathology, social environment). The review suggested that when confounding variables are controlled for, the association between CU and psychosocial outcomes is generally small or non-significant. When significant associations remain, they are for chronic, dependent or early onset CU specifically, suggesting that the frequency of use and age of onset may be necessary elements to detect persistent, however small, psychosocial consequences. These results illustrate the importance of controlling for intra- and inter-individual differences to examine the link between CU and later psychosocial functioning. Results also suggest that policy and prevention efforts should consider targeting the individual and environmental factors (e.g. early academic and cognitive functioning, social disadvantage, family functioning, personality, smoking) that account for much of the association between CU and later psychosocial problems, rather than, or in addition to, CU itself
The impact of youth internalising and externalising symptom severity on the effectiveness of brief personality-targeted interventions for substance misuse : a cluster randomised trial
Highlights : Personality-targeted interventions reduce binge drinking in high-risk youth ; Youth with high (vs. low) externalising symptoms benefitted more from the intervention ; Personality-targeted interventions may effectively treat dually diagnosed youth ; The presence of high internalising symptoms didn't moderate intervention effects
Adolescent cannabis use, change in neurocognitive function, and high-school graduation: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood
The main objective of this prospective longitudinal study was to investigate bidirectional associations between adolescent cannabis use (CU) and neurocognitive performance in a community sample of 294 young men from ages 13 to 20 years. The results showed that in early adolescence, and prior to initiation to CU, poor short-term and working memory, but high verbal IQ, were associated with earlier age of onset of CU. In turn, age of CU onset and CU frequency across adolescence were associated with (a) specific neurocognitive decline in verbal IQ and executive function tasks tapping trial and error learning and reward processing by early adulthood and (b) lower rates of high-school graduation. The association between CU onset and change in neurocognitive function, however, was found to be accounted for by CU frequency. Whereas the link between CU frequency across adolescence and change in verbal IQ was explained (mediated) by high school graduation, the link between CU frequency and tasks tapping trial and error learning were independent from high school graduation, concurrent cannabis and other substance use, adolescent alcohol use, and externalizing behaviors. Findings support prevention efforts aimed at delaying onset and reducing frequency of CU
Age of cannabis use onset and adult drug abuse symptoms : a prospective study of common risk factors and indirect effects
Objective: The present study examined (1) whether the associations between cannabis use
(CU) age of onset and drug abuse by 28 years remain when controlling for risk factors in
childhood, adolescence and early adulthood; and (2) developmental pathways from early
risk factors to drug abuse problems.
Method: Participants from a longitudinal sample of low SES boys (N=1030) were followed
from 6 to 28 years. Self-reported CU onset between 13 and 17 years of age and drug abuse
symptoms by 28 years were examined.
Results: The odds of developing any drug abuse symptoms by 28 years were reduced by
31% for each year of delayed CU onset (OR = 0.69). Cannabis, alcohol and other drug
frequency at 17 years mediated this association. Still, even when taking that frequency of
use into account, adolescents who started using cannabis before 15 years were at higher risk
of developing drug abuse symptoms by age 28. Significant indirect effects were found from
early adolescent delinquency and affiliation with deviant friends to drug abuse symptoms at
28 years through CU age of onset and substance use frequency at 17 years.
Conclusions: Results suggest more clearly than before that prevention programs should
aim at delaying CU onset in order to prevent or reduce drug abuse in adulthood.
Furthermore, prevention programs targeting delinquency and/or affiliation with deviant
friends in childhood or early adolescence could indirectly reduce substance abuse in
adulthood without addressing substance use specifically
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