LETRAMENTO, DESENVOLVIMENTO LOCAL E SUSTENTABILIDADE

A importância da escrita para a história da humanidade é tão grande que é costumeiro designar como pré-história o período que antecede a escrita. O domínio e uso da escrita são indicadores de desenvolvimento das sociedades. São “bens de base”, sobretudo em uma sociedade tecnológica como a atual. A não incorporação das práticas sociais da escrita e leitura no cotidiano de parte significativa da população se configura como grave problema social e empecilho para o desenvolvimento econômico. O presente trabalho procura relacionar letramento (na acepção de Magda Soares, 2009, como capacidade do indivíduo de utilizar a escrita e a leitura para as suas práticas sociais), desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade. Elaborou-se rápida abordagem sobre a história da escrita, dos métodos e processos de letramento praticado no Brasil, discutindo o conceito de desenvolvimento local e sustentabilidade, indicando que estas questões estão relacionadas. Os dados estatísticos sobre desenvolvimento, apontam para os desafios do Brasil de gerar empregos de boa qualidade e produtividade para cerca de 150 milhões de brasileiros, que serão economicamente ativos. Para isso, é necessário que se execute, com firmeza e decisão, um programa nacional de capacitação para atividades produtivas que assenhore e “empodere” as classes excluídas por meio do letramento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Escrita, Conhecimento, Tecnologia, Desenvolvimento, Sustentabilidead

Incidence of Mycotoxins (AFB1 and AFM1) in Feeds and Dairy Farms from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Brazil has regions located at the largest dairy production and milk derivate industry concentration, supplying the major consumer markets, represented by São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte Cities. The milk is the most important product of Brazilian agriculture, because it is always presents in daily diet. The aim of this research was evaluating the occurrence of mycotoxins in the feed of dairy cattle and the occurrence of AFM1 in milk under field conditions in farms from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The results revealed that, total fungal counts was found in 67% of feed samples which exceeded the recommended limit recommended (1×104 UFC.g-1) and the incidence of AFM1 in all milk samples was 26.7% at concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 1.500 μg.L-1. The study revealed toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins were present in feed intended for bovine feeding in Rio de Janeiro farms. Evaluations of mycotoxin levels are important to provide information so that the assessments of risk for animal feed and livestock environment can be done.Fil: Keller, Luiz Antonio Moura. Universidade Federal Fluminense; BrasilFil: Aronovich, Marcos. No especifíca;Fil: Keller, Kelly Moura. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Castagna, Antonio Airton. No especifíca;Fil: Cavaglieri, Lilia Reneé. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: da Rocha Rosa, Carlos Alberto. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Brasi

Potential of grasses of the genus Digitaria for animal production in the Southeastern Region of Brazil

Desde 1950, diversas gramíneas forrageiras do gênero Digitaria foram introduzidas na Região Sudeste do Brasil, das quais algumas apresentam características que se recomendam para a pecuária bovina, em especial para a leiteira. São elas os capins pangola, pangola A-24, transvala, suázi, survenola e pentziana, estas duas últimas, híbridas, produzidas na Universidade da Flórida. O Pangola chegou a ter grande importância na Região ocupando extensas áreas de pastagens, porém teve sua utilização muito diminuída devido ao ataque de cochonilhas, assim como o A-24. O transvala, introduzido posteriormente, apresentou características superiores às dos dois anteriores, já tendo sido testado por mais de 20 anos. O suázi tem a grande vantagem da maior competitividade com as plantas invasoras de pastagem e da maior resistência ao pisoteio. A digestibilidade destas duas gramíneas é em tomo de 64%. Dos dois híbridos ultimamente introduzidos, o survenola tem apresentado produção de forragem 15% superior à do transvala e do suázi, e a digestibilidade 4% maior, enquanto o pentziana apresenta digestibilidade igual à do survenola e produção ligeiramente inferior. As gramíneas do gênero Digitaria apresentam qualidades que as recomendam para pastagem na Região Sudeste do Brasil. São especialmente recomendadas para a produção intensiva de leite e carne com base em pastagens.Since 1950, several forage grasses of the genus Digitaria were introduced in the Southeastern Region of Brazil, some presenting good characteristics for livestock production, especially dairy, such as pangola (D. decumbens cv. pangola), A-24 (D. penuff), transvala (D. decumbens cv. transvala), swazi (D. swazilandensis), survenola (Digitaria X unfolozi) and pentziana (D. milanjiana x D. pentzii), the last two, hybrids, produced by University of Florida. Pangola had a great importance in the Region, covering large arcas of pastures. However, its utilization had a strong drop, caused by R.bodes-grass-scale attack, the same thing happening, with higher intensity, to A-24. Transvala, introduced later, presented superior characteristics, as well as swazi, which has the advantage of higher competitiveness with weeds and higher resistance to trampling. These two grasses have digestibility (OMIVD) around 64%. From the two hybrids recently introduced, survenola is the one in a more advanced stage: of tests and it has shown forage production (1). M.) 15% superior to transvala and swazi, and OMIVD higher in 4%. Pentziana, with MOIVI) equal to survenola, has a production a little lower. These two hybrids are now being tested under grazing. Grasses of genus Digitaria present qualities which recommend them as pastures plants for the Southeastern Region of Brazil. They are especially recommended for intensive dairy and beef production based on pastures

Influence of the number of feeding environments on the performance of bullfrog tadpoles - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i1.16757

Feeding is one of the major factors that influences the growth and development of animals, justifying thus the present experiment that analyzed the effect of the number of feeding environments on the performance of bullfrog tadpoles through the growth (weight and length) and performance (food remains, average feed intake, average weight gain, and feed conversion). The treatments consisted of subunits of two, four, and eight feeding environments in the experimental units at disposal for the tadpole population, and one without subdivisions, comprising a single environment, during 60 experimental days. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and three replications. The values were tested using an analysis of variance and Duncan test (α = 0.05). The growth in weight and length and the indices of animal performance were influenced by the number of feeding environments, with the best results found for the treatments with four and eight environments, and the worst, for the treatment with a single environment. The increased number of feeding environments may be an alternative to improve the performance of bullfrog tadpoles.Feeding is one of the major factors that influences the growth and development of animals, justifying thus the present experiment that analyzed the effect of the number of feeding environments on the performance of bullfrog tadpoles through the growth (weight and length) and performance (food remains, average feed intake, average weight gain, and feed conversion). The treatments consisted of subunits of two, four, and eight feeding environments in the experimental units at disposal for the tadpole population, and one without subdivisions, comprising a single environment, during 60 experimental days. The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and three replications. The values were tested using an analysis of variance and Duncan test (α = 0.05). The growth in weight and length and the indices of animal performance were influenced by the number of feeding environments, with the best results found for the treatments with four and eight environments, and the worst, for the treatment with a single environment. The increased number of feeding environments may be an alternative to improve the performance of bullfrog tadpoles.

Frog meat microbiota (Lithobates catesbeianus) used in infant food

Captive breeding of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) is of great economic potential, mainly for its thighs and leather. The nutritional quality of frog meat includes properly balanced amino acids with a protein profile of high biological value, low fat and low cholesterol, and high digestibility due to its short chain molecule structure. It is recommended by doctors and nutritionists, especially for protein restricted children or malnourished children. Aiming to aggregate value to the segment and offer a product with nutritional properties that meet the need of children aged six months and above, a meat product based on the composition of frog meat was developed experimentally. To ensure raw material quality after bleaching and deboning, the microbiota present in the frog meat was determined. The analyses were performed according to Brazilian laws. It was observed that the resident and transient microbiota met the standards set by regulations. The results found were: mesophyll 4.5 x 10(4) CFU/g; Staphylococcus coagulase positive 2.0 x 10² CFU/g; negative for Salmonella sp. and Aeromonas spp. The findings indicate that the raw material showed satisfactory sanitation even in terms of family industry

Alterações histopatológicas em girinos de rã-touro alimentados com rações comerciais de diferentes níveis protéicos Histopathological alterations in bullfrog tadpoles fed commercial diets with three levels of crude protein

Realizaram-se necropsia e exame histopatológico de girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) alimentados com rações comerciais formuladas com 32, 36, 45 ou 55% de proteína bruta (PB) visando estabelecer a relação entre o nível de proteína bruta da ração e a sanidade do animal. Na necropsia, os girinos não apresentaram externamente nenhuma alteração aparente, no entanto, o fígado dos animais, em todos os níveis de proteína bruta, apresentou-se de cor palha e manchado. Na análise histopatológica, observaram-se fígados com rarefação e degeneração celular protéica, intestinos com colite e achatamento das microvilosidades; baço com hiperplasia linfocitária; coração sem nenhuma alteração; rins com glomerulonefrite e áreas de tubulonefroses; gastrite mononuclear e hiperplasia e hipertrofia dos linfonodos regionais. Em todos os órgãos, verificou-se depósito de hemossiderina. Essas lesões sugerem quadro degenerativo nutricional, com desenvolvimento de processos inflamatórios, se difundindo para todos os órgãos. Os resultados sugerem que os animais foram alimentados com rações com proteínas de baixo valor biológico, portanto, de má qualidade, o que comprometeu a sanidade e o desempenho dos animais. Estudos complementares são necessários para compreensão do comportamento bioquímico de rãs-touro na fase de girino visando à nutrição adequada desses animais.<br>Necropsy and histological examination were made on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles fed commercial rations with 32, 36, 45 or 55% crude protein (CP) to establish the relationship between dietary crude protein and health of the animal. In the necropsy, the tadpoles did not show externally any changes, however, the liver of animals at all crude protein levels, presented a straw color and stained. Histological analysis showed livers with rarefaction and degeneration of cell protein, intestines, with colitis and flattening of microvilli, spleen with lymphocyte hyperplasia, heart, without alterations, kidneys with glomerulonephritis and areas of tubulonefroses; mononuclear gastritis and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of regional lymph nodes. In all organs, there was hemossiderin deposit. These injuries suggest degenerative nutritional condition, with development of inflammatory processes, spreading to all organs. The results suggest that the animals were fed diets with low biological value proteins, therefore, poor quality, which affects health and performance of the animals. Further studies are necessary to understanding the biochemical behavior of bullfrogs in the tadpole stage, aiming to adequate nutrition of these animals