Site adverse reactions after intramuscular injections in adults: review of literature

Trata-se de um “survey” descritivo, com o objetivo de verificar os estudos das áreas médica e de enfermagem, que tratam da temática: complicações pós-injeções intramusculares, publicados no período de janeiro de 1970 a agosto de 1997. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico, através dos bancos de dados MEDLINE E LILACS. Os artigos foram catalogados em fichas individuais e analisados de acordo com complicações relatadas, causas apontadas, número de casos e tipo de medicação utilizada. Foram encontrados dezoito artigos abordando a temática. A reação adversa mais relatada foi a dor, embora dos seiscentos e setenta (670) casos de pacientes investigados, 61 (sessenta e um) apresentaram os tipos mais diversos de complicações, tais como manchas avermelhadas no local, hipertemia, edema e outros. Na amostra investigada, não houve artigos descrevendo complicações na região ventroglútea, o que permite sugerir que isso deve ser a região prioritária de aplicação de injeções intramusculares. A técnica de aplicação das injeções é importante e exige atenção e cuidados de todos os profissionais, não devendo ser utilizada por pessoas sem orientação técnica e científica.This study was a descriptive survey. The objetive was to verify the medical and nursing literature published between January, 1970 and August, 1997 about adverse reactions afterintramuscular injections. The MEDLINE and LILACS databases were used. The articles were classified into individual bases and analyzed following the complications cited, causes, number of cases and the medication used. It was found eighteen articles. The adverse reaction more cited was pain, although others reactions were cited as dermatitis, fever and others. In the investigated sample there were not articles describing adverse reactions in the ventro-glútea site. This confirms that it isthe best site of intramuscular injections. The technique of the intramuscular injections is very important and it is necessary attention, responsibility, scientific and technical knowledge of the professionals

Epstein-Barr Virus Stimulates Torque Teno Virus Replication: A Possible Relationship to Multiple Sclerosis

Viral infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has frequently been investigated as a possible candidate and torque teno virus (TTV) has also been discussed in this context. Nevertheless, mechanistic aspects remain unresolved. We report viral replication, as measured by genome amplification, as well as quantitative PCR of two TTV-HD14 isolates isolated from multiple sclerosis brain in a series of EBV-positive and -negative lymphoblastoid and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Our results demonstrate the replication of both transfected TTV genomes up to day 21 post transfection in all the evaluated cell lines. Quantitative amplification indicates statistically significant enhanced TTV replication in the EBV-positive cell lines, including the EBV-converted BJAB line, in comparison to the EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell line BJAB. This suggests a helper effect of EBV infections in the replication of TTV. The present study provides information on a possible interaction of EBV and TTV in the etiology and progression of multiple sclerosis