¿Cómo nos movemos los españoles?

Los cambios socioeconómicos que se han producido a nivel mundial durante las últimas décadas han afectado sustancialmente al transporte urbano. La movilidad en las ciudades actuales se caracteriza por unos patrones más difusos, con unas distancias de viaje más largas y un continuo crecimiento del nivel de motorización. Pero, ¿qué ocurre en las ciudades españolas? En esta ponencia se hace un estudio de la movilidad en ciudades españolas, analizando los resultados de las Encuestas de Movilidad de las Personas Residentes en España realizadas por el Ministerio de Fomento, MOVILIA 2000/2001 y MOVILIA 2006/2007. La comparación entre ambas encuestas permite estudiar cómo ha cambiado el patrón de la movilidad de los españoles en estos seis años. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que hay un mayor número de hogares en los que se tiene más de un vehículo, ya que el porcentaje ha pasado del 33,7% al 35,6% entre 2000 y 2006. Este aumento influye en el reparto modal de los desplazamientos, ya que ha aumentado el porcentaje de uso del coche, pasando del 79,4% al 81,3%. Por último, también se ha producido un incremento del tiempo medio dedicado por la población a los desplazamientos, aumentando en dos minutos diarios, desde los 71 minutos de 2000 hasta los 73 minutos de 2006

Metodología de evaluación de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales de proyectos de transporte guiado en ciudades

RESUMEN La evaluación de los proyectos de transporte tradicionalmente se han centrado en los aspectos económicos y financieros del proyecto y sus efectos directos, pero esto no se considera suficiente para justificar estas inversiones. Los proyectos de transporte público guiado requieren unas inversiones muy elevadas para su construcción y mantenimiento, y para calcular el beneficio que realmente proporcionan a la sociedad se requiere la realización de una evaluación socioeconómica más allá de la tradicional, que incluya los efectos sociales y ambientales, no tenidos en cuenta en las metodologías existentes. Para paliar esta deficiencia, esta tesis propone una metodología de evaluación de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales de los proyectos de transporte urbano, y está basada en un análisis multicriterio. El objetivo principal de la evaluación es la sostenibilidad, o desarrollo sostenible, y los sub-objetivos son la sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental. Se concretan unos criterios para evaluar el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos, y unos indicadores para medir su variación relativa entre los escenarios de referencia y real. Se define una función de utilidad para cada criterio, con el fin de homogeneizar los rangos de variación de los indicadores. La ponderación de criterios, en función de su importancia relativa respecto al objetivo principal de desarrollo sostenible, se realiza a partir de un proceso de consulta a diferentes grupos afectados (autoridades locales y regionales, operadores de transporte, usuarios, asociaciones de vecinos, empresarios, etc.). A continuación se procede a la agregación de los indicadores ponderados, y se calcula el beneficio global del proyecto como la suma ponderada de los beneficios individuales que aporta cada criterio aislado. Este beneficio global representa la contribución del proyecto de transporte al desarrollo sostenible. La metodología propuesta es lo suficientemente amplia como para ser aplicada a cualquier tipo de proyecto de transporte urbano. No obstante, las características especiales de los proyectos de transporte guiado hacen que se acentúen los beneficios sociales y ambientales. La aplicación práctica de esta metodología a siete casos de estudio demuestra la validez de la misma. ABSTRACT Traditionally transport projects have been assessing under economic and financial aspects and their direct influences, but this is not considered sufficient to justify these investments. Guided public transport projects require very high investments for their construction and maintenance, and in order to calculate the benefit that provides to the overall society it is required a socio-economic evaluation beyond the traditional methods of benefit measurement. This new methodology includes social and environmental effects, which are not usually taken into account in the existing methodologies. This thesis proposes a methodology of evaluation of economic, social and environmental effects of urban transport projects. The evaluation method will follow a Multicriteria Analysis approach, in order to evaluate simultaneously a certain number of objectives. The main objective of the evaluation is sustainability, or sustainable development, and the sub-objectives are economic, social and environmental sustainability. Each objective is measured by several specific criteria, which evaluate the degree of fulfilment of the objectives, and the indicators will measure the relative variation of the criteria between the scenarios (real and reference). Utility functions are defined for each criterion, in order to homogenize the range of variation of the indicators. The homogenised indicators are weighted depending on its relative importance to the overall objective of sustainability. This weighting procedure is based in a consultation process to different groups (local and regional authorities, transport operators, users, residents’ associations, businesses, etc.). The global benefit will be the weighted sum of all indicators multiplied by their weights assigned, and it represents the contribution of the transport project to sustainable development. The proposed methodology is wide enough to be applied into any kind of urban transport project. However, the special characteristics of guided transport projects emphasize even more the social and environmental benefits. The validation of this methodology is demonstrated by the practice application to seven case studies

Assessing the passengers’ perception of implemented advanced management measures in bus service

The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the passenger?s perception of some attributes related to quality of bus services, and how this perception changes with the implementation of different measures. Surveys to passengers riding different bus lines were conducted in two scenarios: before the implementation of the measures and after the measures were implemented. The results of the passenger surveys were statistically analysed; then, an ordered logit model was used to analyse the differences between surveys thanks to the implemented measures. Finally, a factor analysis was done to identify the underlying unobserved factors (latent variables) that the respondents perceive

Análisis de la movilidad metropolitana española en el quinquenio 2002-2006

El Observatorio de la Movilidad Metropolitana (OMM), formado por las Autoridades de Transporte Público (ATP) de las principales áreas metropolitanas españolas, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y el Ministerio de Fomento, cumple este año su quinto aniversario. El OMM estudia y analiza la movilidad metropolitana desde la triple óptica de la sostenibilidad -económica, social y ambiental- por medio de diferentes indicadores que caracterizan la movilidad, la oferta y demanda de transporte, la financiación del transporte público, la calidad ambiental y la difusión de buenas prácticas en el conjunto de las áreas metropolitanas participantes. La edición de un informe anual con toda esta información y el análisis de los indicadores permite a las ATP revisar y mejorar su gestión. Esta ponencia recoge los principales resultados del informe OMM, que ha elaborado TRANSyT con datos de 2006. Se hace un análisis de los indicadores de movilidad más relevantes y se estudia la evolución de la movilidad metropolitana en España en el periodo 2002-2006. Como adelanto de los resultados, señalar que el uso del transporte público está creciendo de modo neto en todas las áreas, con un aumento del 13% entre 2002 y 2006, que la distribución modal de las áreas metropolitanas es satisfactoria, en comparación con otras ciudades de nuestro entorno europeo, que el vehículo privado sigue siendo el modo prioritario en los viajes obligados, que los desplazamientos a pie son muy importantes en nuestro país llegando a participaciones del 60% en algunas ciudades, y que la contribución de los modos guiados es esencial para asegurar una alta demanda en transporte público

Measuring negative synergies of urban sprawl and economic crisis over public transport efficiency: the case of Spain

Sustainable urban mobility requires accessible and demand attractive public transport (PT) networks. However, urban sprawl has been the main characterizing growth pattern of European cities since 1950. In these increasingly dispersed cities, PT is facing increasing problems of efficiency to compete with cars. The sprawling cities are dominated by car use, especially in the peripheral areas. Moreover, Europe is still reeling under the financial crisis, which first hit the continent in 2007. In this context of economic crisis, the lack of financing resources and the declining demand for PT have further weakened the PT systems in European cities. This study considered the urban PT systems of six Spanish cities in order to determine their evolution over the last ten years. This evolution is examined in the backdrop of urban sprawl and economic crisis. The analysis is based on several indicators meant to measure PT demand, supply, and efficiency. The study shows how did each city react to the lack of resources and trip reduction during the economic crisis, by adopting different PT management strategies. The differences in reaction produced different results, but none of the cities could avoid the loss of PT efficiency. The results indicate that policy strategies need to include land use and transport measures to achieve more sustainable PT systems. Only integrated strategies could improve PT efficiency and quality levels and contribute toward increasing competitiveness of PT, even in adverse contexts

Stated preference survey for estimating passenger transfer penalties: design and application to Madrid

Transfers in multimodal urban trips imply a disutility for travellers, who perceive them as a penalty when using public transport. It is therefore important to estimate the utility associated to transfers and the main factors affecting it, to allow policymakers to reduce users´ perceived disutility and enhance their intention to use public transport. The aim of this paper is to develop a Stated Preference experiment to estimate the penalty perceived by commuters (workers and students) when making transfers in multimodal urban trips

Comparative analysis of passenger transport sustainability in European cities

Sustainable development in its three dimensions – economic, social and environmental – has become a major concern on an international scale. The problem is global, but must be solved locally. Most of the world’s population lives in cities that act as centres of economic growth and productivity, but which – if they develop in the wrong direction – can cause social inequalities, or irreversibly harm the environment. Urban transport causes a number of negative impacts that can affect sustainability targets. The objective of this study is to propose an analysis of sustainability of urban passenger transport systems based on available indicators in most cities. This will serve to benchmark the practices of different cities and manage their transport systems. This work involves the creation of composite indicators (CI) to measure the sustainability of urban passenger transport systems. The methodology is applied to 23 European cities. The indicators are based on a benchmarking approach, and the evaluation of each aspect in each case therefore depends on the performance of the whole sample. The CI enabled us to identify which characteristics have the greatest influence on the sustainability of a city’s transport system, and to establish transport policies that could potentially improve its shortcomings. Finally, the cities are clustered according to the values obtained from the CIs, and thus according to the weaknesses and strengths of their transport systems

Analysis of the Technical Efficiency of Urban Bus Services in Spain Based on SBM Models

During the first decade of the new millennium, fueled by the economic development in Spain, urban bus services were extended. Since the years 2008 and 2009, the root of the economic crisis, the improvement of these services is at risk due to economic problems. In this paper, the technical efficiency of the main urban bus companies in Spain during the 2004–2009 period are studied using SBM (slack-based measures) models and by establishing the slacks in the services' production inputs. The influence of a series of exogenous variables on the operation of the different services is also analyzed. It is concluded that only the 24% of the case studies are efficient, and some urban form variables can explain part of the inefficiency. The methodology used allows studying the inefficiency in a disaggregated way that other DEA (data envelopment analysis) models do not

Quality of bus services performance: benefits of real time passenger information systems

One of the main problems in urban areas is the steady growth in car ownership and traffic levels. Therefore, the challenge of sustainability is focused on a shift of the demand for mobility from cars to collective means of transport. For this purpose, buses are a key element of the public transport systems. In this respect Real Time Passenger Information (RTPI) systems help people change their travel behaviour towards more sustainable transport modes. This paper provides an assessment methodology which evaluates how RTPI systems improve the quality of bus services performance in two European cities, Madrid and Bremerhaven. In the case of Madrid, bus punctuality has increased by 3%. Regarding the travellers perception, Madrid raised its quality of service by 6% while Bremerhaven increased by 13%. On the other hand, the users¿ perception of Public Transport (PT) image increased by 14%

Real time passenger information systems and quality of bus services

One of the main problems in urban areas is the steady growth in car ownership and traffic levels. Therefore, the challenge of sustainability is focused on a shift of the demand for mobility from cars to collective means of transport. For this end, buses are a key element of the public transport systems. In this respect Real Time Passenger Information (RTPI) systems help citizens change their travel behaviour towards more sustainable transport modes. This paper provides an assessment methodology which evaluates how RTPI systems improve the quality of bus services in two European cities, Madrid and Bremerhaven. In the case of Madrid, bus punctuality has increased by 3%. Regarding the travellers perception, Madrid raised its quality of service by 6% while Bremerhaven increased by 13%. On the other hand, the users ́ perception of Public Transport (PT) image increased by 14%