Proton scattering from excited states of atomic hydrogen

© 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. Wavepacket continuum-discretisation approach is used to calculate excitation, ionization and electron-capture (ec) cross sections for proton collisions with n = 2 states of atomic hydrogen, where n is the principal quantum number. The approach assumes a classical motion for the projectile and is based on the solution of the three-body Schrödinger equation using the two-center expansion of the total scattering wave function. The scattering wave function is expanded in an orthonormal basis set built from negative-energy eigenstates and wavepacket pseudostates representing the continuum of both the target atom and the atom formed by the projectile after capturing the electron. With a sufficiently large basis, due to the strong coupling between channels, the method produces converged cross sections for direct-scattering, ionization and ec processes simultaneously. For the quasi-elastic transitions, where both orbital and magnetic quantum numbers change, the integrated cross section is infinite. Nevertheless, the corresponding transitions probabilities are finite at any given impact parameter, indicating that the angular differential cross sections can be measured. Calculated cross sections for scattering on the metastable 2s state are compared with other theoretical results obtained using atomic-orbital close-coupling and classical-trajectory Monte Carlo approaches. Considerable disagreement with previous calculations has been found for some transitions at various incident energies

Nutritional management of regurgitation in infants

Infantile regurgitation is a frequently occurring problem. Throughout the world, anxious parents are imploring physicians to eliminate their infant's regurgitation. General practitioners, pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists strive to alleviate infantile regurgitation and its related parental stress. In this paper we define the scope of the problem and analyze the optimal, cost-efficient management approach to simple regurgitation in infants. The intent of this paper is to disseminate this information to practicing physicians and other health care professionals in an attempt to minimize the impact of this annoying problem of infancy and to eliminate confusion and expensive diagnostic tests and use of sub-optimal treatment modalities. Parental reassurance and dietary management by feeding thickened formula are important components in managing regurgitation in infants while maintaining optimal nutritional intake for adequate growth and development.Free Univ Brussels, Acad Ziekenhuis Kinderen, Brussels, BelgiumPrime Hlth Consultants Inc, Miami, FL USAUniv Pittsburgh, Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USABaylor Univ, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USAUniv Queensland, Royal Childrens Hosp, Brisbane, Qld, AustraliaHosp ABC Mexico, Mexico City, DF, MexicoMiami Childrens Hosp, Miami, FL 33155 USAEscola Paulista Med, Dept Pediat, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, BrazilInst Nacl Salud, Hosp Infantil Mexico, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniv Seville, Hosp Virgen Macarena, Seville, SpainPonce Sch Med, Ponce, PR USAUniv Nebraska, Med Ctr, Ramon Emiterio Betances Hosp, Omaha, NE USAUniv Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hosp, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaMead Johnson Res Ctr, Evansville, IN USAEscola Paulista Med, Dept Pediat, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

The nature of tolerance and the social circumstances in which it emerges

Tolerance entails acceptance of the very things one disagrees with, disapproves of or dislikes. Tolerance can be seen as ‘a flawed virtue’ because it concerns acceptance of the differences between others and ourselves that we would rather fight, ignore, or overcome. However ‘flawed’ a virtue it may be, tolerance may be the only thing that stands between peaceful coexistence and violent intergroup conflict. This makes tolerance a topic of great scientific as well as practical importance. While scholars have systematically studied political (in)tolerance and the closely related subject of prejudice for over half a century now, many conceptual and empirical puzzles remain unsolved. This may well reflect the complex nature of tolerance and the dilemmas which are intrinsic to the idea of toleration. In this article an examination of the paradoxical nature of tolerance is followed by a review of the academic literature and empirical findings on (political) tolerance and its primary sources. To conclude, future challenges for tolerance research are outlined. It is argued that tolerance research would benefit from a stronger interdisciplinary approach: an intergroup relations perspective on tolerance would enhance our understanding of the nature of tolerance and the social circumstances in which it emerges