Construção e validação da ERSMG: escala de representações sonoro-musicais na gravidez

Este documento describe la construcción y validación de la Escala de Representaciones Sonoro-Musicales en el Embarazo (ERSME). Esta escala se utilizó en una muestra de 211 mujeres embarazadas en el segundo y el tercer trimestre de gestación, antes de la ecografía morfológica de la 22ª semana de gestación, y previamente a la ecografía en la semana 32ª de gestación. La ERSME tiene por objeto evaluar el nivel de sensibilidad sonoro-musical a partir de la 22ª semana de gestación. Después de realizar varios análisis factoriales y de los respectivos análisis de consistencia interna, se decidió optar por una estructura unifactorial con 25 puntos y una buena consistencia interna (α = .815). La adecuada coherencia psicométricas de esta escala permite el acceso a una variable de estudio menos desarrollada en el ámbito de la investigación, pero que consideramos pertinente para evaluar su relación con el estudio de la organización psicológica durante el embarazo, especialmente con la madre-feto enlace.This paper describes the construction and validation of the Scale of Sound-Music Representations in Pregnancy (SSMRP). This scale was used with a sample of 211 pregnant women at the second and at the third trimesters of gestation, before the morphologic ultrasound examination by the 22nd week of gestation and previously to the ultrasound examination at the 32nd week of gestation. The SSMRP aims to assess the level of sound-music sensibility from the 22nd week of gestation on. After several factorial analysis and the respective internal consistency analysis, it was decided to retain an unifactorial structure with 25 items and a good internal consistency (α= .815).The adequate psychometric consistency of this scale allows the access to a variable of study yet less developed in research, but that we consider as pertinent to evaluate its relation with the study of the psychological organization during pregnancy and, particularly with the mother-fetus liaison.Este artigo descreve a construção e validação de uma Escala de Representações Sonoro-Musicais na Gravidez (ERSMG). Esta escala foi aplicada a uma amostra de 211 mulheres grávidas nos segundo e terceiro trimestres de gestação, previamente à realização da ecografia morfológica, pelas 22 semanas de gestação, e previamente à realização da ecografia do terceiro trimestre, pelas 32 semanas de gestação, respetivamente. A ERSMG pretende avaliar o nível de sensibilidade sonoro-musical da mulher grávida a 0partir das 22 semanas de gestação. Após a realização de várias análises fatoriais e das respectivas análises de consistência interna, decidiu-se optar por uma estrutura unifatorial, composta por 25 itens e com uma boa consistência interna (α= .815). A adequada fidelidade psicométrica da escala permite o acesso a uma variável de estudo ainda pouco desenvolvida na investigação, mas que consideramos pertinente para avaliar a sua relação com o estudo da organização psicológica da gravidez e, particularmente, com a ligação materno-fetal

The burden of unintentional drowning: Global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

__Background:__ Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. __Methods:__ Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. __Results:__ Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. __Conclusions:__ There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low-and middle-income countries