Generalized quandle polynomials

We define a family of generalizations of the two-variable quandle polynomial. These polynomial invariants generalize in a natural way to eight-variable polynomial invariants of finite biquandles. We use these polynomials to define a family of link invariants which further generalize the quandle counting invariant.Comment: 11 pages. Version 3 includes a correction to the square/granny knot example. To appear in Can. Bull. Mat

'Now' with Subordinate Clauses

We investigate a novel use of the English temporal modifier ‘now’, in which it combines with a subordinate clause. We argue for a univocal treatment of the expression, on which the subordinating use is taken as basic and the non-subordinating uses are derived. We start by surveying central features of the latter uses which have been discussed in previous work, before introducing key observations regarding the subordinating use of ‘now’ and its relation to deictic and anaphoric uses. All of these data, it is argued, can be accounted for on our proposed analysis. We conclude by comparing ‘now’ to a range of other expressions which exhibit similar behavior

A COMPARISON OF REALITY AND FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY ITEMS OF THIRTEEN, FOURTEEN, AND FIFTEEN-YEAR-OLD JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ON THE DRAW-A-PERSON TEST

This study was an attempt to help determine whether or not a modified Draw-A-Person test has possibilities for development into an adequate dual-purpose group screening device (intellectual and personality assessment) for psychologists working in educational, guidance, and clinical settings. The modified DAP test used includes drawings of the same sex, opposite sex, and a self drawing. Scoring procedures are similar to Goodenough\u27s method; however, some modifications were necessary as female drawings were scored frequently. The Parsons, Kansas, Junior High School System, consisting of 615 seventh, eighth, and ninth grade students was used in this project. The students, with the exception of one eleven year old boy, were older than twelve and younger than seventeen years of age. Due to absences, 505 students were tested in the project. The secondary objective of this project was to determine whether Leland\u27s concepts of functional efficiency and reality content as related to the modified Draw-A-Person test are usable in assessment of intelligence with normal thirteen-, fourteen-, and fifteen-year-old junior high school students. The results indicated that Leland\u27s scoring system will not differentiate among groups of normal tnirteen-, fourteen-, and fifteen-year-old junior high school students. Some evidence suggests, however, that Leland\u27s scoring method will measure mental age through thirteen years of age and seems to have considerable potential for use as a screening device for mildly retarded individuals of any age level. Other findings indicated that (1) the Goodenough scoring method will not differentiate among thirteen-, fourteen-, and fifteen-year-old junior high school students; (2) approximately sixteen per cent of the students drew heads only on all three drawings; (3) males drew males first at all three grade levels ninety-two per cent of the time or more. The percentages of females drawing their own sex first decreased with grade level; (4) the first drawing is usually the highest scoring drawing in total points, and the self drawing the lowest; and (5) relatively high percentages of students who drew at least a head and trunk for the same sex drawing omitted the body or trunk on the self drawing (from twenty to thirty per cent)

Vibration isolation mounting system

A system is disclosed for mounting a vibration producing device onto a spacecraft structure and also for isolating the vibration forces thereof from the structure. The system includes a mount on which the device is securely mounted and inner and outer rings. The rings and mount are concentrically positioned. The system includes a base (secured to the structure) and a set of links which are interconnected by a set of torsion bars which allow and resist relative rotational movement therebetween. The set of links are also rotatably connected to a set of brackets which are rigidly connected to the outer ring. Damped leaf springs interconnect the inner and outer rings and the mount allow relative translational movement therebetween in X and Y directions. The links, brackets and base are interconnected and configured so that they allow and resist translational movement of the device in the Z direction so that in combination with the springs they provide absorption of vibrational energy produced by the device in all three dimensions while providing rotational stiffness about all three axes to prevent undesired rotational motions

Burning Questions: Changing Legal Narratives on Cannabis in Indian Country

In the not-so-distant past, thoughts of Cannabis legalization in the United States were radical. In the present day, the narratives around Cannabis are changing. The term “present day” affixes this Article to early 2023, a snapshot in time. To understand the current legal narratives surrounding Cannabis, and what they might become in the future, it is important to examine the history of Cannabis law and policy in United States. This Article begins by discussing Cannabis regulation in the United States, from the rise of federal regulation to the gradual deregulation by states with tacit federal consent. The Article then examines the jurisdictional conflicts between tribes and states for tribes that attempt to decriminalize Cannabis on the reservation with specific attention paid to enforcement of criminal laws on reservation, regulation of commercial activity, and regulations regarding cannabis research in Indian Country. This Article then examines the recent marijuana policy statement issued by the Biden administration and current Congressional activity, including their possible implications for Cannabis in Indian Country and issues to watch. Finally, this Article concludes with a call to recognize the self-determination of tribes in establishing and enforcing their own Cannabis policies on reservation land

It\u27s None of Your Business: State Regulation of Tribal Business Undermines Sovereignty and Justice

The U.S. Constitution grants the federal government plenary power over American Indian affairs, yet states are increasingly attempting to assert regulatory and tax jurisdiction over tribal businesses. This overreach threatens tribal sovereignty and contravenes the terms of treaties entered between the United States and American Indian tribes. This Article begins by examining the legal foundations of federal, state, and tribal relations. It then examines recent cases across four business sectors - gaming, tobacco sales, petroleum sales, and online lending - in order to illustrate the pervasive jurisdictional challenges faced by courts in cases involving tribal businesses. This Article offers three recommendations. First, it argues that the proper first forum for resolving disputes involving tribal businesses is the tribal court system; federal and state courts should be prepared to consider this issue sua sponte if it is not raised by the parties. Second, this Article calls for periodic, systematic audits of federal compliance with Indian treaties, which should evaluate both the federal government’s activities and the federal government’s obligation to prevent state interference with tribes’ treaty-protected rights. Finally, in light of recent legislative proposals and executive actions, this Article asserts that removing barriers to American Indian participation in the political process at all levels will support economic development and self-determination in Indian Country. We contend that all Americans—indigenous or not—have a stake in seeing the federal government uphold its constitutional and treaty-bound commitments to American Indian tribes

Resurfacing Sovereignty: Who Regulates Surface Mining In Indian Country After McGirt?

This article examines disputes over surface mining jurisdiction on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Reservation post-McGirt and the larger implications for sovereignty and environmental justice in Indian Country that follow. Part II summarizes the history of federal, state, and tribal relations and provides an analysis of the McGirt decision and its potential impacts on natural resource issues. Part III offers an examination of jurisdictional uncertainties post-McGirt through an in-depth discussion of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act and the State of Oklahoma v. United States Department of the Interior case. Drawing from the examination of surface mining regulation, Part IV looks more broadly at the implications for sovereignty and environmental justice in Indian Country. This article concludes by advocating approaches for strengthening tribal sovereignty and promoting tribes as producers of extractive and energy resources

A Suppositional Theory of Conditionals

Suppositional theories of conditionals take apparent similarities between supposition and conditionals as a starting point, appealing to features of the former to provide an account of the latter. This paper develops a novel form of suppositional theory, one which characterizes the relationship at the level of semantics rather than at the level of speech acts. In the course of doing so, it considers a range of novel data which shed additional light on how conditionals and supposition interact