Example and group results.

<p>LEFT: Example results of a control subject and a patient (H.N.) in the EGO task (top row), ALLO-EGO task (middle row) and ALLO task (bottom row). Data are shown separately for the three memory cue positions, collapsed over all quadrants of the visual field (red, 8°/30°-position; green 12°/20°-position; blue, 12°/40° position). Filled black circles denote saccade end points. Ellipses are centered on a subjects' average saccade end point for a given memory cue position. Ellipse extent represents the horizontal and vertical standard deviation of saccade end points. Note decreased accuracy of the patients' saccade end points in the ALLO task. RIGHT: Group results. Mean systematic and variable saccade amplitude error in controls (light grey bars) and patients (dark grey bars) in the EGO task (top row), ALLO-EGO task (middle row) and ALLO task (bottom row). Dots represent individual performance. In patients, white dots represent performance of patients D.B. and S.D. (i.e. patients with involvement of parahippocampal cortex) and grey dots performance of patients H.N., A.M. and S.W. (i.e. patients without involvement of parahippocampal cortex). Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups (* p<0.01, ** p<0.001).</p

Schematic of the tasks.

<p>EGO task: Subjects were presented a memory cue while fixating on a central fixation cross. After an unfilled delay of 5000 ms, subjects performed an eye movement to the remembered cue position (‘memory-guided saccade’). ALLO-EGO: While fixating on a central fixation cross, subjects were presented a bar, followed by presentation of a memory cue together with the bar. After an unfilled delay of 5000 ms, the bar re-appeared and subjects performed an eye movement to the remembered cue position. ALLO: This task was identical to the ALLO-EGO task until the end of the delay. Then, the bar re-appeared at a new location. Subjects performed an eye movement to the relative position of the cue with respect to the bar (i.e. to the position of the memory cue if it had been displaced together with the bar).</p

Example lesion, patient H.N.

<p>Top: coronal MRI section perpendicular to the line connecting the anterior and posterior commissures (AC-PC line), at the level of amygdala, hippocampal head, rostral entorhinal cortex, rostral perirhinal cortex and infero-temporal cortex. Bottom: Axial MRI section parallel below the AC-PC line, at the level of amygdala, rostral hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex and infero-temporal cortex. Note damage to rostral hippocampus and adjacent MTL structures on the right.</p

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