Fecal near infrared difference (male – female) spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from four different herbivore species.

<p>Fecal near infrared difference (male – female) spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from four different herbivore species.</p

Fecal near infrared difference spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from adult M-F pandas versus all pandas from two zoos.

<p>Fecal near infrared difference spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from adult M-F pandas versus all pandas from two zoos.</p

Application of near infrared spectroscopy of feces to discriminate between pregnant and not pregnant female captive giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) housed in US zoos.

a<p>Results are reported as: % correct identifications (number correct/group total). Preg=pregnant, not=not pregnant, A, B=random group.</p>b<p>Refers to the prediction of group membership for each sample in the calibration set itself.</p>c<p>Refers to the prediction of group membership for each sample in the validation set. NA=not applicable, i.e. there were no validation samples removed from the calibration, or in the case of pregnant validation samples, none were available.</p>†<p>Percentage of correct versus incorrect identifications differ (P<0.1).</p

Bamboo species offered and mean daily consumption for captive giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>) housed in US zoos.

a<p>Bamboo species fed: 1) <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i>, 2) <i>Bambusa oldhami</i>, 3) <i>B. ventricosa</i>, 4) <i>B. vulgaris vittata</i>, 5) <i>Phyllostachys aurea</i>, 6) <i>P. aureosulcata</i>, 7) <i>P. bambusoides</i>, 8) <i>P. bissetii</i>, 9) <i>P. glauca</i>, 10) <i>P. nigra</i> ‘black’, 11) <i>P. nigra</i> ‘Henon’, 12) <i>P. nuda</i>, 13) <i>P. rubromarginata</i>, 14) <i>Pseudosasa japonica</i>.</p>b<p>Adult female pregnant during some period of the study, and which subsequently gave birth.</p

Average fecal near infrared spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from male and female animals of four different herbivore species.

<p>Average fecal near infrared spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from male and female animals of four different herbivore species.</p

The effect of using fecal samples derived from “leaf only” bamboo diets on the ability of near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between adult male and female captive giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>).

a<p>Results are reported as: % correct identifications (number correct/group total). Within each discriminant model group, calibrations were developed using either the entire calibration set (100%), or with a reduced set (75%) after removing a randomly selected 25% of samples to be used as a validation set. A, B=random group.</p>b<p>Refers to the prediction of group membership for each sample in the calibration set itself.</p>c<p>Refers to the prediction of group membership for each sample in the validation set. NA=not applicable, i.e. there were no validation samples removed from the 100% calibration.</p>**<p>Within a group, percentage of correct identifications differ from 50% (P<0.01).</p

Effect of zoo on the ability of near infrared spectroscopy of feces to discriminate between adult male and female captive giant pandas (<i>Ailuropoda melanoleuca</i>).

a<p>The discriminant model is labeled after the <i>validating</i> zoo, i.e. if the Atlanta Zoo samples are the validating set, then the calibration set is made up of samples from the remaining zoos.</p>b, c<p>There are a total of 239 samples. The proportion of calibration to validation samples varies with each validation, i.e. Atlanta (83∶17%), National (90∶10%), San Diego (93∶7%) and Memphis (33∶67%).</p>**<p>Within a group, percentage of correct identifications differ from 50% (P<0.01).</p

Average fecal near infrared spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from adult pandas at two different US zoos.

<p>Average fecal near infrared spectra (log 1/reflectance, derivative=0, gap=0) from adult pandas at two different US zoos.</p

Sugars in bamboo leaves and culm.

<p>Total free sugars (panel a, b) and bound sugars (panel c, d) sugars in leaf and culm of bamboo species <i>Phyllostachys</i> (<i>P</i>.) <i>aurea</i> (AR), <i>P</i>. <i>aureosulcata</i> (AU), <i>P</i>. <i>glauca</i> (GL), and <i>P</i>. <i>nuda</i> (NU) expressed on a dry matter (DM) basis. Samples were collected once per month over a period of 18–27 months. The shaded area represents the time when captive giant pandas consumed primarily culm.</p

Nutrient components (Mean ± SEM) in leaf and culm during spring (March-May) in four <i>Phyllostachys</i> bamboos.

<p>Nutrient components (Mean ± SEM) in leaf and culm during spring (March-May) in four <i>Phyllostachys</i> bamboos.</p