Contemporary developments in Negro middle-class religion : an overview

The sociology of religion is often placed in a defensive position in which it must define its status as a legitimate area of scientific inquiry. Many doubt that religious phenomena, with a concern for the supernatural and with individual, subjective, non-empirical elements can be studied in any systematic, reliable fashion. But as the sociologist views religion, individual and subjective attributes are only one aspect of religious phenomena. Beyond this, religion is viewed as having significant collective and social elements. Religion is seen as a part of a cultural complex such that there is an interrelation of religion and society which involves mutual influences. The social system and social changes affect religious forms and expressions. At the same time, religion has significant effects on the socio-cultural system

Sentinel health events as indicators of unmet needs

It is vitally important to be able to assess the impact of the health care system population it serves. This paper explores whether sentinel health events--negative health states, such as death, disability, and disease, that might have been avoided given current medical and public health knowledge and technology--can be used as sociomedical indicators to assess levels of unmet needs and to evaluate health system performance. Using hospital discharge data, the occurence of sentinel health events in New York State and differences among population subgroups are examined. Among hospitalized residents of New York State in 1983, more than 17,000 deaths occured that were possibly avoidable. More than 336,000 instances of disease were found that were potentially preventable. Significantly higher rates and ratios for many sentinel events were dound among blacks, Medicaid recipients, and users of public hospitals that were found for comparison groups. The sentinel events approach proved to be useful and practical. However, refinements and adaptations of the sentinel events method are needed, including the development of one or more smaller sets of indicators--tracer sentinel events--that can be used to profile aspects of health status and the health system.sociomedical indicators unmet needs outcome measures avoidable deaths health system performance sentinel events