Evaluation and Development of Effective Tank Cleanout Procedures Following Dicamba Use

Sprayer hygiene and concerns of off-target injury from auxin herbicides have increased in recent years. New auxin tolerant crops have broadened the use patterns of these herbicides. Therefore, experiments were conducted across two locations in Mississippi in 2016, 2017, and 2018 to evaluate sprayer cleanout procedures to aid in dicamba removal. Standard sprayer cleanout consisted of a triple rinse of 10% tank volume, with either a tank cleaner or ammonia added in the second rinse. Samples collected in each rinse step for all treatments were applied to actively growing soybean and dicamba concentration quantified with HPLC. Experiments were conducted to determine if various tank cleaners and ammonia produce visual injury when applied to actively growing soybean and cotton alone and in conjunction with glyphosate. No tank cleaner caused visual injury nor affected plant heights or yield. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to evaluate tank cleaner effectiveness to remove dicamba utilizing the standard cleanout procedure, with increased rinse volumes, sequence of water and tank cleaner rinses, and cleanout effectiveness following durations of idle time from application to cleanout. No tank cleaner provided greater dicamba removal, with all cleaners performing the same as cleanouts utilizing water alone. Increasing rinse volumes did not positively affect dicamba removal compared to 10% rinse volumes. Multiple rinse steps utilizing a tank cleaner or altering the standard cleanout procedure utilizing a water-tank cleaner-water rinse sequence did not result in greater dicamba removal from contaminated sprayer systems. Finally, increases in time between contamination with dicamba and cleanout did not negatively influence dicamba removal using the standard cleanout procedure

Size and phase control of cobalt-carbide nanoparticles using OH- and Cl- anions in a polyol process

Exchange coupled cobalt–carbide nanocomposites and single-phase Co2C nanoparticles were synthesized using the polyol process. Hydroxide and chloride anions were used to controlcarbide phase and particle shape. Synthesized Co x C nanocomposites exhibited average diameters around 300 nm. Co x C nanocomposites synthesized at 0.25 M [OH−] and [Cl−] formed clusters of capped nanorods, whereas synthesis at 0.37 M [OH−] and [Cl−] produced clusters of long blade-like particles. For single-phase Co2C, an [OH−] and [Cl−] of 0.71 M was used and produced clusters of ellipsoidal grains. The Co x C nanocomposites comprised of capped nanorods possessed a BH max of 1.65 MGOe with a magnetic saturation and coercivity values of 38 emu/g and 2.4 kOe, respectively. Co2C possessed a saturation magnetization of 16 emu/g and coercivity of 1.3 kOe

Structure Function Analysis of Drug Resistance Driver Mutations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematologic tumor and is the most common malignancy in children (Horton and Steuber 2014). This disease is characterized by the infiltration of bone marrow by malignant immature lymphoid progenitor cells and is invariably fatal without treatment. Although multi-agent combination chemotherapy is curative in a significant fraction of ALL patients, treatment currently fails in approximately 20% of children and up to 50% of adults with ALL, making relapse and drug resistance the most substantial challenge in the treatment of this disease(Fielding, Richards et al. 2007, Aster and DeAngelo 2013). Understanding what causes treatment failure is of great medical importance as second line therapies also fail in the majority of relapse T-cell ALL (TALL) patients (Fielding, Richards et al. 2007, Aster and DeAngelo 2013). Using next-generation sequencing to compare the genomes of tumors before and after therapy, mutations in gene cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase II (NT5C2) were discovered in 19% of pediatric samples with relapsed T-ALL(Tzoneva, Carpenter et al. 2013). Preliminary structure function analysis and subsequent in vitro experimental nucleotidase activity assays confirmed that these mutations lead to hyperactive NT5C2 protein. Furthermore, NT5C2 mutant proteins conferred resistance to 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine chemotherapy drugs when expressed in ALL lymphoblasts, suggesting NT5C2 is responsible for the inactivation of nucleoside-analog chemotherapy drugs. In order to assess the ability of these mutations to lead to novel inhibitor schemes, the functional impact of each mutation was analyzed through robust structure function methods. The result of this in silico analysis, is the identification of a potential allosteric regulatory mechanism of negative feedback inhibition never before described. Most notably, the majority of NT5C2 mutations identified have characteristics that suggest they abrogate the function of this proposed mechanism, yielding a novel viable target for the development of allosteric inhibitors specific for constitutively active NT5C2 mutant proteins. Overall these findings support a prominent role for activating mutations in NT5C2 and chemotherapy resistance in ALL, and highlight new avenues for relapsed ALL therapy development in the future

Synthesis of high magnetization FeCo alloys prepared by a modified polyol process

High magnetization, soft ferromagnetic FeCo alloy nanoparticles were synthesized at various Fe to Co ratios using a modified polyol process. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that Fe-rich particles had a cubic shape with a mean particle size of 100 nm, while Co-rich particles had a spherical shape. A maximum saturation magnetization of 212 emu/g was recorded for both Fe60Co40 and Fe75Co25 particles. X-ray diffraction scans at room temperatureof synthesized particles were characteristic of body-centered-cubic single-phase FeCo. Variabletemperature x-ray diffraction scans under N2 gas revealed an order–disorder transition at 600 °C and a transition to a face-centered-cubic crystal structure at 1000 °C

Enhanced magnetic anisotropy in cobalt-carbide nanoparticles

An outstanding problem in nano-magnetism is to stabilize the magnetic order in nanoparticles at room temperatures. For ordinary ferromagnetic materials, reduction in size leads to a decrease in the magnetic anisotropy resulting in superparamagnetic relaxations at nanoscopic sizes. In this work, we demonstrate that using wet chemical synthesis, it is possible to stabilize cobalt carbide nanoparticles which have blocking temperatures exceeding 570 K even for particles with magnetic domains of 8 nm. First principles theoretical investigations show that the observed behavior is rooted in the giant magnetocrystalline anisotropies due to controlled mixing between C p- and Co d-states

(Decacarbonyl)(1-isopropyl-2-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroacenaphtho [5,6-cd][1,2]diphosphole)ditungsten(0) : Molbank

A binuclear tungsten(0) complex with an asymmetric bridging 1,2-diphosphole ligand was prepared by the photolysis of tungsten hexacarbonyl in the presence of 1-isopropyl-2-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroacenaphtho [5,6-cd][1,2]diphosphole. The tungsten complex 1 was characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 31P), and elemental microanalysis. The structure of the trans isomer was resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction, showing a slight elongation of the P−P bond upon coordination to the W(CO)5 groups.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Large-scale synthesis of high moment FeCo nanoparticles using modified polyol synthesis

Binary alloys of Fe and Co have among the highest magnetizations of any transition metal alloy systems, but their affinity to form oxides act to reduce the magnetization of nanoparticles as their size is reduced below ∼30 nm. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of single phase, size-controlled FeCo nanoparticles having magnetization greater than 200 emu/g via a non-aqueous method in which ethylene glycol served as solvent and reducing agent as well as surfactant. Experiments indicated pure-phase FeCo nanoparticles, having saturationmagnetization up to 221 emu/g for sizes of 20–30 nm, in single batch processes resulting in \u3e 2 g/batch. Post-synthesis oxidation of nanoparticles was investigated until very stable nanoparticles were realized with constant magnetization over time

Magnetic properties of Co2C and Co3C nanoparticles and their assemblies

Nano-composite material consisting of Co2C and Co3C nanoparticles has recently been shown to exhibit unusually large coercivities and energy products. Experimental studies that can delineate the properties of individual phases have been undertaken and provide information on how the coercivities and the energy product change with the size and composition of the nanoparticles. The studies indicate that while both phases are magnetic, the Co3C has higher magnetization and coercivity compared to Co2C. Through first principles electronic structure studies using a GGA+U functional, we provide insight on the role of C intercalation on enhancing the magnetic anisotropy of the individual phases

The Geriatric Emergency Care Applied Research (GEAR) network approach: A protocol to advance stakeholder consensus and research priorities in geriatrics and dementia care in the emergency department

INTRODUCTION: Increasingly, older adults are turning to emergency departments (EDs) to address healthcare needs. To achieve these research demands, infrastructure is needed to both generate evidence of intervention impact and advance the development of implementation science, pragmatic trials evaluation and dissemination of findings from studies addressing the emergency care needs of older adults. The Geriatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (https://gearnetwork.org) has been created in response to these scientific needs-to build a transdisciplinary infrastructure to support the research that will optimise emergency care for older adults and persons living with dementia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this paper, we describe our approach to developing the GEAR Network infrastructure, the scoping reviews to identify research and clinical gaps and its use of consensus-driven research priorities with a transdisciplinary taskforce of stakeholders that includes patients and care partners. We describe how priority topic areas are ascertained, the process of conducting scoping reviews with integrated academic librarians performing standardised searches and providing quality control on reviews, input and support from the taskforce and conducting a large-scale consensus workshop to prioritise future research topics. The GEAR Network approach provides a framework and systematic approach to develop a research agenda and support research in geriatric emergency care. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This is a systematic review of previously conducted research; accordingly, it does not constitute human subjects research needing ethics review. These reviews will be prepared as manuscripts and submitted for publication to peer-reviewed journals, and the results will be presented at conferences.Open Science Framework registered DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/6QRYX, 10.17605/OSF.IO/AKVZ8, 10.17605/OSF.IO/EPVR5, 10.17605/OSF.IO/VXPRS