Relative contributions of parental genomes, fetal sex and non-genetic maternal effects to explained variation in fetal myofibre characteristics, absolute and relative muscle weights, and <i>H19</i> transcript abundance.

<p>Myofibre characteristics were determined in <i>M. semitendinosus.</i> Maternal and paternal genome, fetal sex and other significant effects were retained in the final general linear models as presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053402#pone-0053402-t001" target="_blank"><b>Table 1</b></a>. Non-genetic maternal effect: Final maternal weight at mid-gestation. CSA: Cross-sectional area. Total cell: All myofibres measured regardless of cell type. Combined muscle weights: Sum of <i>M. supraspinatus, M. longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>M. semimembranosus</i> and <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> weight. Relative muscle weight: Absolute muscle weight divided by decapitated and eviscerated fetal carcass weight.</p

Relative contributions of maternal and paternal genome to genetic variation in fetal myofibre characteristics, absolute and relative muscle weights, and <i>H19</i> transcript abundance.

<p>Myofibre characteristics were determined in <i>M. semitendinosus.</i> CSA: Cross-sectional area. Total cell: All myofibres measured regardless of cell type. Combined muscle weights: Sum of <i>M. supraspinatus, M. longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>M. semimembranosus</i> and <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> weight. Relative muscle weight: Absolute muscle weight divided by decapitated and eviscerated fetal carcass weight.</p

Specific effects of maternal genomes, paternal genomes and fetal sex on fetal absolute muscle weights at midgestation.

<p>Least square means with standard errors of means are shown and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means for <i>M. supraspinatus</i> (<b>A</b>), <i>M. longissimus dorsi</i> (<b>B</b>), <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> (<b>C</b>), <i>M. semimembranosus</i> (<b>D</b>) and combined muscle weight (sum of weights of dissected muscles) (<b>E</b>) are indicated. ND: Not determined because of significant nested effect of final maternal weight (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053402#pone-0053402-g005" target="_blank"><b>Figure 5</b></a>). Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Effects of interaction of maternal and paternal genomes, fetal sex and final maternal weight nested within maternal genetics on <i>H19</i> transcript abundance in fetal <i>M. semitendinosus</i> at midgestation.

<p>Least square means with standard error of means and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means (<b>A</b>) and significant regressions of final maternal weight nested within Bt and Bi maternal genomes (<b>B</b>) are shown. Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Regressions of fetal muscle mass at midgestation on <i>H19</i> transcript abundance.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Absolute muscle mass and (<b>B</b>) relative muscle mass. Muscle mass is combined absolute and relative weights of <i>M. supraspinatus</i>, <i>M. longissimus dorsi</i>, <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> and <i>M. semimembranosus. P</i>-values and Pearson correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) are indicated.</p

Effects of final maternal weight nested within maternal genomes on fetal absolute muscle weights at midgestation.

<p><i>P</i>-values (ANOVA) of significant linear regressions within Bt and Bi maternal genetics on absolute weights of <i>M. supraspinatus</i> (<b>A</b>), <i>M. longissimus dorsi</i> (<b>B</b>) and <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> (<b>C</b>) are indicated. Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Summary of the final general models (type III sums of squares) for myofibre characteristics, muscle weight parameters and H19 gene expression with adjusted <i>R</i>² values and significance levels (<i>P-</i>values) of models and variables.

<p>Only <i>P</i><b>-</b>values for factors, interactions and nested effects retained in the final model are shown.</p>a<p>Total cell CSA: Average cross-sectional area of muscle cells irrespective of cell type.</p>b<p>Maternal×paternal genome: Effect of maternal and paternal genome interaction.</p>c<p>Final maternal weight (maternal genome): Effect of final maternal weight nested in maternal genome. ND: Not determined because of significant interaction and/or nested effect of final maternal weight.</p

Specific effects of maternal genomes, paternal genomes and fetal sex on fetal relative muscle weights at midgestation.

<p>Relative muscle weights were calculated as absolute muscle weight divided by fetal carcass weight. Least square means with standard errors of means and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means for <i>M. supraspinatus</i> (<b>A</b>), <i>M. longissimus dorsi</i> (<b>B</b>), <i>M. quadriceps femoris</i> (<b>C</b>) and <i>M. semimembranosus</i> (<b>D</b>) are indicated. Combined relative muscle weight is the sum of relative weights of dissected muscles. Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p

Specific effects of maternal genomes, paternal genomes and fetal sex on fetal myofibre characteristics of <i>M. semitendinosus</i> at midgestation.

<p>Least square means with standard errors of means are shown and <i>P</i>-values for significant differences (<i>t</i>-test) between means for fast myotube CSA (<b>A</b>), fast myofibre CSA (<b>B</b>) and total cell CSA (<b>C</b>) are indicated. CSA: Cross-sectional area. Total cell: All myofibres measured regardless of cell type. Bt: <i>Bos taurus taurus</i>, Angus. Bi: <i>Bos taurus indicus</i>, Brahman.</p