Antidepressant Flavonoids and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress

Depression is a serious disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people around the world and causes poor quality of life, problem behaviors, and limitations in activities of daily living. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic options is of high interest and growth. Research on the relationship between depression and oxidative stress has shown important biochemical aspects in the development of this disease. Flavonoids are a class of natural products that exhibit several pharmacological properties, including antidepressant-like activity, and affects various physiological and biochemical functions in the body. Studies show the clinical potential of antioxidant flavonoids in treating depressive disorders and strongly suggest that these natural products are interesting prototype compounds in the study of new antidepressant drugs. So, this review will summarize the chemical and pharmacological perspectives related to the discovery of flavonoids with antidepressant activity. The mechanisms of action of these compounds are also discussed, including their actions on oxidative stress relating to depression

Determinação de minerais por diferentes métodos analíticos em leite de cabras sem raça definida (srd) criadas na região do cariri paraibano, Brasil

The goat milk is a food matrix of high nutritional value, low allergenic power when compared to cow's milk and is more digestible and easily accessible. Currently, the goat has been growing, especially in semi-arid regions where these animals adapt to the climatic conditions. The cariri region of Paraíba is a semi-arid climate of the region where the creation model is extensive, with small herds and smallholdings, often being the main source of household income. In this region, the herds are predominantly animals mongrel and/or crossbred animals, the composition of minerals is still poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the different methodologies used in the determination of minerals in undefined breed goats (SRD) resulting from crossing with purebred animals reared in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil. The milks were collected from SRD goats resulting from the crossing of the purest lineage breeds, quote: Saanen, Toggenburg and Parda + Toggenburg belonging to three producers in a dairy cooperative in the town of Monteiro/PB. For comparison, milk samples were subjected to the determination of calcium, iron, phosphorus and sodium by traditional techniques (titration and spectrophotometric methods) and more advanced techniques (ICP-OES and EDX-RF). We observed the influence of the dominant phenotype to undefined breed goats in the concentration of most minerals analyzed, especially when using ICP-OES technique. Difference between methods used for most mineral studied in each type of milk, whose detected values were higher when used traditional techniques, except for the sodium. Furthermore, the RF-EDX technique may be singled out as an analytical alternative to obtain quantitative data for iron and phosphorus in goat milk. Although they were used conventional methods for the quantification of mineral elements such as titration and spectrophotometric, the values found for minerals were similar to those reported by research using instrumental methods and, therefore, greater sensitivity and accuracy. This data shows the possibility of using simpler methods, as an alternative to detect these minerals, especially in the absence of the availability of more sophisticated equipment and not always as accessible in food quality control laboratories.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESConselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqO leite caprino constitui uma matriz alimentar de alto valor nutricional, com baixo poder alergênico quando comparado ao leite de vaca, sendo mais digestível e de fácil aquisição. Atualmente, a caprinocultura vem crescendo, principalmente em regiões semiáridas, onde estes animais se adaptam às condições climáticas. O cariri paraibano constitui uma região de clima semiárido, onde o modelo de criação é extensivo, com pequenos rebanhos e pequenas propriedades, muitas vezes sendo a principal fonte de renda das famílias. Nesta região, os rebanhos são predominantemente de animais sem raça definida e/ou de animais mestiços, cuja composição de minerais do leite, ainda é pouco esclarecida. Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar diferentes metodologias utilizadas na determinação de minerais em leite caprino de animais sem raça definida (SRD) resultantes de cruzamento com animais de raças puras, criados no semiárido nordestino do Brasil. Os leites foram coletados de cabras SRD resultantes do cruzamento de raças de linhagem mais pura, a citar: Saanen, Parda + Toggenburg e Toggenburg, pertencentes a três produtores de uma cooperativa leiteira na cidade de Monteiro/PB. Para efeito de comparação, as amostras de leite foram submetidas à determinação de cálcio, ferro, fósforo e sódio por técnicas tradicionais (métodos titulométricos e espectrofotométricos) e por técnicas mais avançadas (ICP-OES e EDX-RF). Observou-se a influência do fenótipo dominante para o animal sem raça definida na concentração da maioria dos elementos minerais analisados, principalmente quando se utilizou a técnica de ICP-OES. Houve diferença entre os métodos utilizados para maioria dos minerais estudados em cada tipo de leite, cujos valores detectados foram superiores quando se utilizaram as técnicas tradicionais, exceto para o sódio. Ademais, a técnica de EDX-RF pode ser apontada como uma alternativa analítica para obtenção de dados quantitativos para ferro e fósforo em leite de cabra. Apesar de terem sido utilizados métodos convencionais para a quantificação dos elementos minerais, como os titulométricos e espectrofotométricos, os valores encontrados para os minerais se assemelharam aos encontrados por pesquisas que utilizaram métodos instrumentais e, portanto, de maior sensibilidade e exatidão. Esse dado mostra a possibilidade da utilização de metodologias mais simples, como uma alternativa na detecção destes minerais, principalmente na falta da disponibilidade de equipamentos mais sofisticados e nem sempre tão acessíveis em laboratórios de controle de qualidade de alimentos

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data