Statistical parametric maps of manganese in seven marmosets.

<p>Statistical parametric maps of manganese after injection (blue point) in the primary motor cortex (M1) of seven marmosets (p<0.005 uncorrected). A: Semitransparent three-dimensional MnCl₂ maps on the single brain template [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138308#pone.0138308.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>]. Animals were imaged 24h after 8nmol MnCl₂ injection. MnCl₂ induced hyper intensity on brain T1-weighted images. C-G: coronal views. H-L: Corresponding marmoset brain atlas in coronal view. The following structures are marked: M1 primary motor cortex, Cd: Caudate nucleus, Pu: putamen, GP: globus pallidus, ic: internal capsule, cp: cerebral peduncule and SN: subtantia nigra, the cingulum, the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6c,d), the parietal cortex (Brodmann area 5), corpus callosum, corona radiata, thalamic nuclei (VL: ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, VPL: ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, VPM: ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, CM: central medial thalamic nucleus, RT: reticular thalamic nucleus). Colored lines indicate the cortico-caudate tract (orange), the corticospinal tract (green), the cortico-putaminal tract (blue), and the cortico-thalamic tract (purple).</p

Four MnCl₂ doses shown 24h post injection in marmoset brain.

<p>(A) Slices at the injection site (+6mm from bregma), and (B) slices 2 mm posterior to the injection site. Top: Raw images. Bottom: ROI of MnCl₂ hyperintensity automatically thresholded at 195 on the grey scale (256 levels). To the right of the figure, corresponding slices of the Atlas of Yuasa et al, 2010. The following structures are hyperintense: primary motor cortex M1 (Brodmann area 4), the primary sensory cortex (3a), the cingulum (23–24), the premotor cortex (6c,6d), the parietal cortex (5), corpus callosum, corona radiata, caudate (Cd), putamen (Pu), internal (IGP) and external (EGP) globus pallidus, thalamic nuclei (VL: ventral lateral, RT: reticular), the internal capsule (ic). Note that MnCl₂ follows the corpus callosum to the contralateral hemisphere most significantly with the highest doses.</p

Behavioral effect of MnCl₂ injection.

<p>Scores (number of pellets ± SD) at the Valley (A,C) and Hill (B,D) staircase before (white) and after (black) contralateral (C,D) and ipsilateral (A,B) MnCl₂ injection. No behavioral deficits are observed after low concentrations (80 and 8 nmol), four days after injection. However the high concentration (400 nmol) caused a decrease in valley and hill scores only in the contralateral forelimb. Baseline scores are represented in white while 4 days post-injection of MnCl₂ scores are represented in black.</p

Marmoset staircase.

<p>Picture of Hill (A) and Valley (B) staircases attached to the front of the marmoset cage. Steps are baited for left forelimb testing.</p

Single marmoset’s raw image showing manganese-induced hyperintensity in the pyramids.

<p>Sagittal, coronal, and axial slices showing manganese-induced hyperintensity in the pyramids. Note the hyperintensity compared to the contralateral side. Raw images of the marmoset with MnCl2 signal reaching the pyramid with an 8 nmol injection. Three views at coordinates 1,25mm lateral; -0.2 mm AP from bregma; +3 mm dorsoventral from the interaural line. Lines show MnCl2 signal in the pyramid at the brainstem level.</p