Detection of IgA anti-DGP 8-mer antibodies in plasma samples from children (A) and adults (B).

<p>Study groups: active celiac disease (aCD-patients), on a gluten-free diet (GFD-patients), healthy controls (C-individuals) and other gastrointestinal pathology (GP-patients). Each point represents the mean absorbance value of one patient at O.D 450 nm. According to the cutoff value (0.21 in children and 0.5 in adults, pointed line), patients with a higher absorbance value were considered positive for IgA anti-DGP 8-mer Abs, while those with lower absorbance values were considered negative. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001 (Unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test). A- Among pediatric population 90.6% of aCD, 10.5% of GFD and 4.3% of GP-patients were positive for IgA anti-DGP 8-mer antibodies, and 9.4% of aCD-patients, 89.5% of GFD-patients, 100% of C-individuals and 95.7% of GP-patients were negative. <b>B</b>- In adult population, 18.7% of aCD, 100% of GFD-patients, C-individuals and GP-patients were positive for IgA anti-DGP 8-mer, while 18.7% of aCD and 100% of GFD-, C- and GP-patients were negative.</p

Faecal microbiota of infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 7 days of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Faecal microbiota of breast-fed infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 7 days of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Faecal microbiota of infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 4 months of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Demographic data of infants under study.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation in brackets.</p>2<p>Infants who were exclusively breast-fed at each sampling time were included in the breast-feeding group.</p>3<p>Infants who received either exclusively formula or both formula and breast-milk were included in the formula-feeding group.</p>4<p>Genetic risk of developing CD was established according to the HLA-DQ genotype (see Materials and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030791#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> section for details).</p

Faecal microbiota of breast-fed infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 4 months of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Faecal microbiota of infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 1 month of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Faecal microbiota of formula-fed infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 7 days of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p

Faecal microbiota of formula-fed infants with different HLA-DQ genotype at 4 months of age analysed by qPCR.

1<p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation of log cells/g faeces.</p>2<p>Statistical significant differences were calculated using ANOVA and <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. Significant differences were established at p<0.050.</p