Mean plasma lactate concentration at rest, immediately before and 1 min after the 4-km cycling time trial in the control and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.

<p>Values are mean ± SEM. Pre-TT: plasma lactate concentration immediately before the time trial. Post-TT: plasma lactate concentration 1 min after the time trial. CONT: control condition. EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II: time trial performed after a carbohydrate-manipulation protocol designed to predominantly reduce muscle glycogen content in type I or II fibers, respectively. # Significantly higher than Rest and Pre-TT (P<0.05). * Significantly lower than CONT (P<0.05).</p><p>Mean plasma lactate concentration at rest, immediately before and 1 min after the 4-km cycling time trial in the control and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.</p

Mean performance time, power output, aerobic and anaerobic power output, and integrated electromyographic activity during the 4-km cycling time trial in the control and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.

<p>Values are means ± SEM. PO: power output. P_aer: aerobic power output. P_an: anaerobic power output. iEMG: integrated electromyographic activity expressed as a percentage of their EMG value obtained during the maximal voluntary contraction. CONT: control condition. EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II: time trial performed after a carbohydrate-manipulation protocol designed to predominantly reduce muscle glycogen content in type I or II fibers, respectively. * Significantly different from CONT (P<0.05).</p><p>Mean performance time, power output, aerobic and anaerobic power output, and integrated electromyographic activity during the 4-km cycling time trial in the control and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.</p

Mean and SEM for normalized integrated electromyography (% maximal voluntary contraction) during the 4-km cycling time trial in control (CONT) and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.

<p>EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II: time trial performed after a type I or type II muscle fibers glycogen-lowering exercise protocol, respectively.</p

Characteristics of the participants.

<p>Values are mean ± SD. PO_max: maximal power output achieved in the incremental test; VO_2max: maximal oxygen consumption; HR_max: maximal heart rate.</p

Effect of order for performance and physiological parameters during the 4000-m cycling time-trial.

<p>Values are means ± SD. Anaerobic power (P_an), aerobic power (P_aer), oxygen consumption (VO₂), integrated electromyography (iEMG), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).</p

Mean and SEM for power output during the 4-km cycling time trial in the control (CONT) and reduced muscle glycogen conditions.

<p>EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II: time trial performed after a type I or type II muscle fibers glycogen-lowering exercise protocol, respectively. * CONT significantly higher than EX-FIB I for the same interval (P<0.05).</p

Mean and SEM values of integrated electromyography of the vastus lateralis expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) every 200 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 6).

<p>Mean and SEM values of integrated electromyography of the vastus lateralis expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) every 200 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 6).</p

Mean and SEM values for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) every 1000 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 7).

<p>* Significantly higher than all preceding values (P<0.05).</p

Time to complete a 4000-m cycling time trial after caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) ingestion.

<p>Data are presented as mean (•) and individual (○) values (n = 8). * CAF was significantly faster than PLA.</p

Mean and SEM values for anaerobic (P_an, panel A) and aerobic (P_aer, panel B) power output for each 200 m in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 8).

<p>* P_an was significantly higher in CAF than in PLA at the 2200-, 2400- and 2600-m intervals (p<0.05); # P_an tended to be greater in CAF than in PLA at 1200- and 1400-m intervals (p = 0.07).</p