<i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i> stable isotope ratios as a function of time after a diet shift.

<p>One-compartment models (solid lines) sufficiently described the changes in δ¹³C (A, B) and δ¹⁵N (C, D) for muscle (A, C) and hemolymph (B, D) as a function of time after a diet shift. To illustrate variation between experimental <i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i>, males (triangles) and females (circles) that molted at least once during the study (black shapes) or did not molt (open shapes) are coded. Dashed lines are mean stable isotope ratios of the new diet.</p

Growth as a function of time after a diet shift.

<p>Growth for the duration of the study was examined by measuring the change in carapace length (A) and the change in mass (B) from the start of the experiment to the time of tissue collection for each individual (open circles). There was a significant change in mass (regression line represented by solid line in B) but not in carapace length.</p

Model parameters ± standard error from one-compartment isotopic incorporation rate models.

<p>Fractional turnover rates calculated from λ=1/|τ, half lives, and discrimination values are also presented. M = muscle tissue, H = hemolymph tissue, n = sample size.</p><p>* = <i>P</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Model parameters ± standard error from one-compartment isotopic incorporation rate models.</p

Carbon incorporation rates of <i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i>, lobsters, mussels, oysters, shrimps, sharks, and 12 teleost fish species.

<p>Carbon incorporation rates (represented as fractional turnover rate, λ) for <i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i> muscle (black circle) are within the 95% prediction intervals (dotted lines) of the allometric relationship (solid line) derived by [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122334#pone.0122334.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>] for 12 species of fishes and expanded upon by [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122334#pone.0122334.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>] for leopard sharks. Data from the whole bodies of Pacific white shrimp [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122334#pone.0122334.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>], the muscle of rock lobsters [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122334#pone.0122334.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>], and the soft tissues of blue mussels, and Pacific oysters [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122334#pone.0122334.ref044" target="_blank">44</a>] were also included in the model to further expand the analysis to crustaceans and molluscs.</p

Means ± standard deviation (s.d.) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N for <i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i>’s tissues before and after reaching an asymptotic value.

<p>Mean δ-values for the initial diet of <i>C</i>. <i>eburneum</i> and the final diet of <i>T</i>. <i>funebralis</i> in the “Day 0” and “Day 292” columns, respectively. n = sample size,</p><p>* = P<0.05,</p><p>** = P<0.01,</p><p>***P<0.001 represent significant differences between the Day 0 and Day 292 stable isotope values, as calculated from Welch’s two-sampled t-tests.</p><p>Means ± standard deviation (s.d.) of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N for <i>N</i>. <i>bredini</i>’s tissues before and after reaching an asymptotic value.</p

The isotopic discrimination factors between the tissues of caterpillars (plus ‘+’ signs, dotted line) and moths (open circles, barred line) decreased significantly with the δD value of plant tissues according to a shallow common slope.

<p>Note that the discrimination factors for plants, caterpillars and moths differed significantly from one another (Tukey's test, p<0.05). The horizontal reference line represents ΔD = 0.</p

Carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of cabbage plants, caterpillars and moths were influenced by both trophic level and metamorphosis.

<p>There were no significant differences in δ¹³C values among plants and caterpillars, but moths were slightly (albeit significantly) depleted in ¹³C relative to both plants and caterpillars. In contrast, δ¹⁵N values increased significantly from plants to caterpillars to moths. Error bars denote SE.</p

Consumer to plant discrimination factors for caterpillars and moths of <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> fed on cabbage.

<p>Values are mean ±95% confidence intervals. Values labeled with NS are those for which the confidence interval overlaps with 0, whereas those labeled with * are those for which the 95% confidence interval for the mean does not include 0.</p

The δD values of moth (open circles, barred line) and caterpillar (plus ‘+’ signs, dotted line) tissues were linearly related to those of plant tissues and had a common slope.

<p>Note that moth organic material was significantly depleted in deuterium relative to that of caterpillars.</p

δD of organic matter and extracted water of plant and insect tissues are linearly correlated to δD of irrigation water.

<p>(a) The δD values of the organic matter of plants (solid triangles, dotted line), caterpillars (plus ‘+’ signs, barred-dotted line), and moths (open circles, barred line) increased linearly with the δD value of irrigation water (y_plant = 0.59x−107.5, r² = 0.74; y_caterpillar = 0.59x−81.2, r² = 0.90; y_moth = 0.59x−67.8, r² = 0.90). These relationships had a common slope that was significantly less than 1. Note that the δD value of soil (open squares) did not differ from that of irrigation water (y = x, solid line). Plant, caterpillar, and moth tissues are significantly depleted in deuterium relative to irrigation water. (b) The δD value of water extracted from plants (solid triangles, dotted line), caterpillars (plus ‘+’ signs, barred-dotted line), and moths (open circles, barred line) was also linearly related to that of irrigation water (y_{plants H2O} = 0.73x+34.7, r² = 0.86; y_{caterpillar H2O} = 0.85x+46.8, r² = 0.94; y_{moth H2O} = 0.41x−19.2, r² = 0.44). Extracted water samples from plants, caterpillars and moths were enriched in deuterium relative to irrigation water. The slope of the relationships of the δD value of irrigation water to water extracted from plants and caterpillars did not differ significantly. The slope of the relationship between the δD value of irrigation and that of water extracted from moths was significantly shallower.</p