Predictors of the incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona Spain (1992–2011).

<p>Bivariate and multivariate analysis.</p><p>NS: Not statistically significant; CI: confidence interval; IDU: intravenous drug use; MT: Methadone treatment; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.</p><p>Long-rank test*. Cox regression**.</p

Demographic characteristics of all prisoners.

<p>Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona, Spain (1992–2011).</p><p>IDU: intravenous drug use; MT: Methadone treatment; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.</p

Probability of hepatitis C virus infection among intravenous drug users and non-intravenous drug users.

<p>Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona, Spain (1992–2011).</p

Probability of hepatitis C virus infection in 2,377 inmates.

<p>Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona, Spain (1992–2011).</p

Incidence per 100 person-years of hepatitis C virus seroconversion.

<p>Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona, Spain (1992–2011).</p

Incidence per 100 person-years of hepatitis C virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users compared to the overall study population by period in years.

<p>Quatre Camins Penitentiary Center, Barcelona, Spain (1992–2011).</p

Reversible Rearrangements of Cu(II) Cage Complexes: Solvent and Anion Influences

The macrobicyclic mixed donor cage ligand AMME-N₃S₃sar (1-methyl-8-amino-3,13,16-trithia-6,10,19-triazabicyclo[6.6.6]­eicosane) is capable of binding to Cu­(II) as either a hexadentate (N₃S₃) or tetradentate (N₂S₂) ligand. The “Cu-in” (hexadentate)/“Cu-out” (tetradendate) equilibrium for the {Cu­(AMME-N₃S₃sar)}²⁺ units is strongly influenced by both solvent (DMSO, MeCN, and water) and halide ions (Br^– and Cl^–). We have established a crucial role of the solvent in these processes through the formation of intermediate solvato complexes, which are substituted by incoming halide ions triggering a final isomerization reaction. Surprisingly, for reactions carried out in the usually strongly coordinating solvent water, the completely encapsulated N₃S₃-bound “Cu-in” form is dominant. Furthermore, the small amounts of the “Cu-out” form present in equilibrated DMSO or MeCN solutions revert entirely to the “Cu-in” form in aqueous media, thus preventing reaction with halide anions which otherwise lead to partial or even complete decomposition of the complex. From the kinetic, electrochemical, and EPR results, the existence of an outer-sphere H-bonded network of water molecules interacting with the complex inhibits egress of the Cu­(II) ion from the cage ligand. This is extremely relevant in view of outer sphere interactions present in strongly hydrogen bonding solvents and their effects on Cu­(II) complexation