β-Lactam antibiotics and vancomycin inhibit the growth of planktonic and biofilm Candida spp.: An additional benefit of antibiotic-lock therapy?

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) and vancomycin on strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in planktonic and biofilm forms. Twenty azole-derivative-resistant strains of C. albicans (n=10) and C. tropicalis (n=10) were tested. The susceptibility of planktonic Candida spp. to the antibacterial agents was investigated by broth microdilution. The XTT reduction assay was performed to evaluate the viability of growing and mature biofilms following exposure to these drugs. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.5mg/mL to 2mg/mL for cefepime, TZP and vancomycin and from 0.5mg/mL to 1mg/mL for meropenem and the drugs also caused statistically significant reductions in biofilm cellular activity both in growing and mature biofilm. Since all of the tested drugs are commonly used in patients with hospital-acquired infections and in those with catheter-related infections under antibiotic-lock therapy, it may be possible to obtain an additional benefit from antibiotic-lock therapy with these drugs, namely the control of Candida biofilm formation

Azole resistance in Candida spp. isolated from Catú Lake, Ceará, Brazil: an efflux-pump-mediated mechanism

Abstract Since, there is no study reporting the mechanism of azole resistance among yeasts isolated from aquatic environments; the present study aims to investigate the occurrence of antifungal resistance among yeasts isolated from an aquatic environment, and assess the efflux-pump activity of the azole-resistant strains to better understand the mechanism of resistance for this group of drugs. For this purpose, monthly water and sediment samples were collected from Catú Lake, Ceará, Brazil, from March 2011 to February 2012. The obtained yeasts were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Of the 46 isolates, 37 were Candida spp., 4 were Trichosporon asahii, 3 were Cryptococcus laurentii, 1 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and 1 was Kodamaea ohmeri. These isolates were subjected to broth microdilution assay with amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole, according to the methodology standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and fluconazole were 0.03125–2 µg/mL, 0.0625 to ≥16 µg/mL, and 0.5 to ≥64 µg/mL, respectively, and 13 resistant azole-resistant Candida isolates were detected. A reduction in the azole MICs leading to the phenotypical reversal of the azole resistance was observed upon addition of efflux-pump inhibitors. These findings suggest that the azole resistance among environmental Candida spp. is most likely associated with the overexpression of efflux-pumps

Influência da precipitação na qualidade da água do Rio Purus Impacts of precipitation on the water quality of the Purus River

Os impactos da precipitação na qualidade da água ao longo do rio Purus, localizado no estado do Amazonas, foi investigado por meio de dados de precipitação, estimada por satélites, e informações sobre a temperatura da água, condutividade, pH, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido e sólidos suspensos totais, adquiridas em quatro diferentes áreas ao longo do rio. Os resultados mostraram correlação negativa entre precipitação e turbidez e positiva entre precipitação e temperatura, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos suspensos totais e pH. O uso do solo, juntamente com o regime de precipitação, parecem ser os fatores principais que determinam a qualidade da água nos pontos de amostragem.<br>The impacts of precipitation on the water quality along the Purus River, located in the Brazilian State of the Amazonas, was investigated using data of precipitation estimated by satellite and information about water temperature, conductivity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids. The data were acquired in four different areas along the river. The results showed negative correlation between precipitation and turbidity. They also showed positive correlation between precipitation and temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids and pH. The land use together with the rainfall regime seems to be the main sources of impact on the water quality around the sampling places