A LA RECHERCHE DE MODELES FORMELS DE LA GENESE ET DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES COMPORTEMENTS SOCIAUX, à partir des travaux de Jean-Pierre Dupuy et de René Girard

Résumé Cet article voudrait approfondir, à partir des travaux de J-P Dupuy et de R.Girard, la compréhension des crises rencontrées aussi bien dans les relations interpersonnelles que dans le fonctionnement des sociétés. L"hypothèse de R. Girard sur l"origine mimétique des désirs, à la source de toute violence, explique la désignation d"un bouc émissaire à sacrifier, comme solution universelle pour rétablir, pour un temps, l"harmonie brisée. Telle serait l"origine de tout « sacré violent ». J-P Dupuy cherche d"abord dans l"économie libérale la solution à une vie sociétale pacifiée. Puis, comme le libéralisme en soi ne peut tenir compte du long terme ni de la finitude du monde et de ses ressources, la dynamique qu"elle engendre nous mène droit à la catastrophe. J-P Dupuy propose, pour inciter le monde à un changement indispensable, « un catastrophisme éclairé » qui consiste à jouer avec finesse et intelligence sur la peur par une annonce simultanée du drame à venir et des moyens de l"éviter. En guise de synthèse de ces deux postures, cet article propose d"introduire un triplet indissociable qui apparaît avec toute interaction : peur-attrait-tentation. Ainsi, la motivation aux changements indispensables devrait se faire, d"abord en motivant par les attraits, tout en rassurant par un management des risques que signalent les peurs, et en mettant en garde contre la tentation que constitue la désignation d"un bouc émissaire. Abstract Based on the writings of Jean-Pierre Dupuy and René Girard, this article attempts to understand the crises that occur in personal relationships as well as in the functioning of societies. Girard"s hypothesis, according to which the mimetic origin of desire is the source of all violence, explains the designation of a sacrificial scapegoat as a universal solution permitting the recovery, at least for a time, of lost social harmony: such is, according to this theory, the origin of all "sacred violence". Dupuy initially seeks the pacification of society through the dynamics of a free-market economy; but since a free-market economy is unable of itself to take account either of the longterm or of the limits of the world"s resources, its inner dynamic leads to catastrophe. In order to bring the world around to the changes that are essential to its survival, Dupuy argues for an "enlightened catastrophism" consisting of a subtle play on fears through a simultaneous announcement of coming disaster and the means of its avoidance. The article introduces, by way of a synthesis of these two positions, an inseparable triptych which appears in the course of all human interaction: fear/attraction/temptation. Thus the motivation to bring about the indispensable changes in our practices must initially be stimulated by attraction, while simultaneously reassuring and appeasing fear through risk-management and alerting to the temptation of scapegoating

Construire la confiance, une vertu nouvelle pour sortir du désir mimétique et de la violence

Pouvons-nous sortir du désir mimétique et de la violence associée ? L’hypothèse consiste à poser l’existence d’un vrai désir, celui de découvrir son « unique », dont le désir mimétique ne serait que la tentation omniprésente. Le vrai désir pousserait à aller vers soi, dans l’ignorance de ce « soi ». L’unique de chaque personne ne se construit que dans l’interaction avec Tunique de l’autre. Les différences qui apparaissent alors peuvent devenir joie de la reconnaissance mutuelle, à condition de ne pas céder à la tentation du désir de l’unique de l’autre et de dépasser la souffrance inhérente aux différences. Ce chemin passe par la vertu d’une confiance bien gérée.Can we escape mimetic desire and the violence associated with it? This hypothesis consists of assuming the existence of a true desire, that of discovering one’s uniqueness, for which the mimetic desire would only be the omnipresent temptation. The true desire pushes us in search of oneself, in the ignorance of this « self ». The uniqueness of each person is only belt in the interaction with the uniqueness of another. The differences which appear can therefore become joys of mutual recognition, if we don’t give in to the temptation of the desiring the uniqueness of the other and if we over-come the suffering caused by the differences. Such progress is only possible due to an acute awareness of the vitrue of carefully managed relationships of trust

Management de la coopération dans les systèmes complexes

Face à la nécessité d’obtenir une coopération fiable dans une équipe interdisciplinaire chargée d’un projet complexe, nous proposons une méthodologie originale s’appuyant sur la modélisation de la complexité, de la communication et de la sûreté des systèmes socio-tehcniques. La méthode PAT-Miroir propose à tous les participants un lieu de paroles restructurant, où ils sont conduits par un animateur à complexifier leur représentation personnelle du projet et à construire une représentation collective des interactions nécessaires à sa réussite. La démarche part des ressentis positifs et négatifs des différents acteurs, passe par une évaluation individuelle de l’importance des facteurs ainsi identifiés et aboutit à la construction d’une série de préconisations concrètes, assurant une coopération plus attractive et plus sûre.To meet the increasing need for reliable and effective cooperation within interdisciplinary groups in charge of complex projects, we propose a new and original method. This method is based on modélisation of complexity, communication and dependability of sociote-chnical systems. This method called « PAT-Mirror », requires grouping all members of the project group and to guide them in a structured talk monitored by a tutor. To be successfull, members must describe (complexify) their personnel representation about the project and build a collective representation about the project and build a collective representation through their interactions. The approach starts by defining feelings and intuitions (either positive or negative) of different actors, followed by each actor’s individual assesment of importance of the identified factors. The last step consists in making series of practical recommendations which allow more effective and reliable cooperation

Construction of a Shared Secret Key Using Continuous Variables

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Joint Entropy-Constrained Multiterminal Quantization

The design of entropy-constrained multiterminal quantizers for coding two-correlated continuous sources was discussed. Two design algorithms for optimizating a Langragian cost measure, involving distortions and information rates, were elaborated. The results for the descent algorithm which confirmed the advantage of entropy constraints (EC) over simple entropy limitation (non-EC), were also presented.SCOPUS: cp.pinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Heuristics and ontologies as keys to enter complex organisational systems : virtual reality (VR) applications to improve industrial safety

International audienceA major issue in industrial safety is that different stakeholders, namely those involved in the generation, mitigation and monitoring of industrial risks (both occupational and of major accidents), develop different perceptions of what industrial safety is, or how it should be achieved. Because they differ, these representations generate likewise different analyses and assessments of industrial safety features and levels. When diverging, such risk perceptions can be detrimental to an optimal ownership, and hence successful implementation, of safety management systems in industrial systems (facilities, plants and organisations). It is therefore a challenge for risk managers, both within industrial facilities and from research and consultancy institutions, to adequately seize the nature of these representations, and how they materialise, both at individual (worker's, manager's) and collective (group's) level. In this respect, the involvement of these stakeholders is a major asset to understand the construction process of these representations. Ontologies of industrial activities and related risks appear as a key concept to reconstruct industrial safety in a participatory, user-based manner. Based on a the observation of real-life cases and related interview material, some of which conducted in the framework of the EU -funded VIRTHUALIS project, this communication presents a virtual reality (VR) application of the ontological approach to design interactive tools enhancing industrial safety

On Minimum Entropy Graph Colorings

We study properties of graph colorings that minimize the quantity of color information with respect to a given probability distribution on the vertices. The minimum entropy of any coloring is the chromatic entropy. Applications of the chromatic entropy are found in coding with side information and digital image partition coding. We show that minimum entropy colorings are hard to compute even if a minimum cardinality coloring is given, the distribution is uniform, and the graph is planar. We also consider the minimum number of colors in a minimum entropy coloring, and show that this number can be arbitrarily larger than the chromatic number, even for restricted families of uniformly weighted graphs.Proc.IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory 2004 (ISIT 2004). Chicago (IL), Etats-Unis, 27 juin–2 juillet 2004SCOPUS: cp.pinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Toxoplasmose, chat et femme enceinte

International audienc

Toxoplasmose, chat et femme enceinte

International audienc