Assessment of global sensitivity analysis methods for project scheduling

Product development requires scheduling that considers the interdependence between activities. The definition of the interdependencies and duration of activities, communication times and the level of overlap between activities is needed for project scheduling. However, these parameters have epistemic uncertainties that can affect project scheduling. In this work, different global sensitivity analysis techniques were applied to identify the parameters that had the greatest effect on project scheduling. It was concluded that standardized regression coefficients as well as the Morris and Sobol Jansen methods were the most appropriate. It was also found that global sensitivity analysis can help to focus resources based on the definitions and control the uncertainty of key activities. Furthermore, it was concluded that control of the uncertainty of key activities reduces the uncertainty and duration of projects.Galvez, ED.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2016). Assessment of global sensitivity analysis methods for project scheduling. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 93:110-120. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2015.12.010S1101209

Eco-efficiency in the SMEs of Venezuela. Current status and future perspectives

[EN] This paper presents a comparison analysis of eco-efficiency in the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) of Venezuela. The research can be divided into three parts: the first part reviews similar studies in the literature on the level of eco-efficiency exhibited by the companies of Venezuela and other countries. In the second place, the findings of a survey conducted on Venezuelan SMEs allowed the definition of 54 eco-efficiency profiles. Thirdly, six national experts in cleaner production and eco-efficiency were interviewed. The interview was based on a questionnaire similar to that used in the survey of the Venezuelan SMEs. At a second meeting, the experts were asked to discuss on the similarities and differences between their answers and those of the company's managers. The findings of the survey allow us to conclude that Venezuelan SMEs understand the legal environmental regulations that affect them but they do not perceive the influence of external driving forces like customers demand for green products or institutional incentives. The adoption of eco-efficiency practices is not perceived as an incentive to improve competitiveness so that the environmental strategies adopted generally aim at reducing costs or avoiding non-compliance sanctions and negative effects on the company image. Materials recycling and reuse, especially packaging materials, are common practices; however, other environmental tools or practices have not been implemented yet, e.g. environmental management systems (EMS), process, product and services design tools based on the product life cycle, renewable energy resources or green marketing. There are also differences among the eight industrial sectors analyzed, food and chemical industries having the higher index of eco-efficiency practices, and plastic and wood industries the lower. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Fernández-Viñé, MB.; Gómez-Navarro, T.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2010). Eco-efficiency in the SMEs of Venezuela. Current status and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production. 18(8):736-746. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.005S73674618

Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions from a Design Perspective

[EN] The figure of Leonardo da Vinci has been extensively studied. In fact, the Leonardiana Library brings together tens of thousands of titles on Leonardo and his work. During the second half of the 20th century, various treaties were published focusing on Leonardo¿s activity as an engineer, and more recently, an increasing number of scientific articles that focus on certain aspects of the prolific work of the genius such as construction, mechanics, strength of materials, etc. have been published. This article analyses the main contributions of the Tuscan genius in the field of design focusing on his processes for generating new solutions, his developments regarding graphic representation techniques, his improvements in plotting and measuring instruments, and how some of his devices were implemented and continue to maintain their usefulness.Cerveró-Meliá, E.; Capuz-Rizo, SF.; Ferrer-Gisbert, P. (2020). Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions from a Design Perspective. Designs. 4(3):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs4030038S12043Braha, D., & Maimon, O. (1997). The design process: properties, paradigms, and structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 27(2), 146-166. doi:10.1109/3468.554679Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, 2019–2020 https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2019-2020/#definitionsVeltman, K. H. (2008). Leonardo da Vinci: A Review. Leonardo, 41(4), 381-388. doi:10.1162/leon.2008.41.4.381Innocenzi, P. (2020). Leonardo and the Design of Machines. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 36-46. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41018-6_5Oliveira, A. R. E. (2019). The Mechanical Sciences in Leonardo da Vinci’s Work. Advances in Historical Studies, 08(05), 215-238. doi:10.4236/ahs.2019.85016Jaramillo, H. E. (2011). Un Análisis de la Resistencia de Materiales a partir de los Postulados de «Consideraciones y Demostraciones Matemáticas sobre dos Nuevas Ciencias» de Galileo Galilei. Lámpsakos, (5), 53. doi:10.21501/21454086.819Reciprocating machine for weight lifting (Argano), Codex Atlanticus f. 30 v, (1478–1480) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reproduction_of_page_from_notebook_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_showing_a_geared_device_assembled_and_disassembled_LCCN2006681098.jpgModel at the Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Argano_sollevatore_pesi_Leonardo_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpgMap of the Val di Chiana, Royal Collection, RLW 12278, (1502–1504) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Val_di_Chiana.jpgReproduction of a compass designed by Leonardo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compas_Léonard_de_Vinci.JPGProportional or reduction compass. Forster Codex I f. 45 (1485) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reduction_Compass_Leonardo.jpgParabolic Compass. Codex Atlanticus f. 1093 r https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/0/03/20171027130237%21Leonardo_parabolic_compass.JPG.Detail of the Codex Atlanticus f. 5 r. Enlarged detail of the prospectograph being used by Leonardo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Codice_Atlantico_-_Perspectograph.jpgStudy ot two odometers. Codex Atlanticus, f. 1b r https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odomètre-Léonard.jpgOdometer model. Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci. (National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odometro_a_carriola_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_09908_01.jpgPugno, N. M. (2019). The commemoration of Leonardo da Vinci. Meccanica, 54(15), 2317-2324. doi:10.1007/s11012-019-01099-9Study for the mechanism of a manual lift (1495–1497), Madrid Codex I, f. 9 r https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascenceur_à_manivelle-Léonard.jpgStudy of a piling machine. Codex Atlanticus, f 785, Ambrosian Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnette-Léonard.jpgModel of Leonardo’s pile machine, at the National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battipalo_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_00040_01.jpgDetail of a mechanical jack, Codex Atlanticus, f. 0998 r, Ambrosian Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cric-Léonard.jpgManuscript of the self-propelled vehicle, Codex Atlanticus, f. 812 r (1478-1480), Ambrosiana Library of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Automobile.jpgModel of the self-propelled vehicle, at the National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carro_semovente_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_09082_02.jp

THE EXTENSION OF AGILE TO THE TEACHING FIELD THROUGH SCRUM & EDUSCRUM

[EN] Multitude of works have dealt with the extension and application of Agility in the teaching field. The application of scrum in the classroom as a didactic method, is developed mainly in two ways. A first way implies the teacher directly adapts and adopts the scrum framework to the classroom. A second way involves working with eduScrum, a scrum based model already adopted and standardized to the teaching field. The purpose of this work is to make a first approach to the phenomenon of the expansion of Agility to the educational field. Specifically through the application of scrum as a working method. In the first part of the work, the context that has led to the expansion of Agility to the field of education is drawn. Next, in the second part we present evidence of the expansion of Agility and scrum in the classroom, while the third part introduces scrum and eduscrum, highlighting the main achievements and challenges faced when implementing this approach. Finally, in the fourth part some conclusions are presented.[ES] Multitud de trabajos que han tratado la extensión y aplicación de la Agilidad en el ámbito educativo, desde diferentes enfoques. La aplicación de scrum en el aula como método didáctico, se desarrolla principalmente de dos maneras. Una primera forma de hacerlo implica que el docente responsable del aula o la asignatura adapta y adopta directamente el marco scrum al aula. Una segunda forma implica trabajar en base a eduScrum, un modelo de scrum que ya ha sido adoptado y estandarizado al ámbito docente. El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una primera aproximación al fenómeno de la expansión de la Agilidad al ámbito docente. En concreto a través de la aplicación de scrum como método de trabajo. En la primera parte del trabajo se dibuja el contexto que ha propiciado la expansión de la Agilidad al ámbito de la educación. A continuación, en la segunda parte se presentan evidencias de la expansión de la Agilidad y scrum en las aulas, mientras que en la tercera parte se introducen scrum y eduscrum, poniendo de manifiesto los principales logros y retos enfrentados a lo hora de implementar ambos enfoques. Finalmente, en la cuarta parte se presentan unas conclusiones.Vila-Grau, JL.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2021). La extensión de la Agilidad al ámbito docente a través de Scrum y Eduscrum. AEIPRO. 2276-2290. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/177321S2276229

Agile project management according to the PRINCE2 and PMBOK models

[EN] Agile as a management approach is a phenomenon that quickly spread beyond the realm of software development and has significantly influenced the discipline of project management. The main PRINCE2 and PMBOK frameworks are the object of updates to address the incorporation of Axilidade and are customary references to Agile Project Management. However, there is not much evidence of the impact of agility in project management, nor is there unanimity on its meaning. This paper analyzes the impact of Agility in the discipline of project management through the meaning of agile project management, and the impact it has had on the PRINCE2 © and the PMBOK project management models, published respectively by the UK Government Office of Commerce and the Project Management Institute.[ES] La Agilidad como enfoque de gestión es un fenómeno que rápidamente se ha extendido más allá del ámbito del desarrollo de software y ha influido notablemente la disciplina de gestión de proyectos. Los principales marcos de referencia PRINCE2 y el PMBOK han sido objeto de actualizaciones para abordar la incorporación de la Agilidad, y son habituales las referencias a la Gestión Ágil de Proyectos. Sin embargo, no son muchas las evidencias del impacto de la agilidad en la gestión de proyectos, ni tampoco existe unanimidad sobre su significado. El presente trabajo analiza el impacto de la Agilidad en la disciplina de la gestión de proyectos a través del significado de gestión ágil de proyectos, y del impacto que está ha tenido en los modelos de gestión de proyectos PRINCE2© y el PMBOK publicados respectivamente por la Oficina gubernamental de Comercio del Reino Unido y el Project Management Institute.Vila Grau, JL.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2021). La gestión ágil de proyectos según los modelos PRINCE2 y el PMBOK. AEIPRO. 231-245. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/180528S23124

Environmental Product Declarations: exploring their evolution and the factors affecting their demand in Europe

This paper presents the findings of an exploratory study conducted with the aim of analysing the evolution of the use of Environmental Declarations as environmental communication tool in Europe. Previous research has been done in this field focused on analysing differences among Environmental Declaration Programmes, comparison of Product Category Rules and Environmental Declarations for specific product categories, etc. However, the knowledge of the factors affecting their demand from a company perspective is a key aspect for the Environmental Declaration Programmes managers, since it would allow them to orientate future strategies for increasing their implementation. After analysing the evolution of Product Category Rules and Environmental Product Declarations developed in the International EPD® Programme, a survey was designed and distributed to companies that currently had Environmental Product Declarations in that programme. The collected information was related to: factors that led the company to choose the International EPD® Programme as an environmental communication tool, communication channels through which companies came to know about the programme, the target public of the Environmental Product Declarations, whether or not companies intend to renew the current Environmental Product Declarations and the reasons for not doing so if that is the case, etc. Communicating objective information and improvement of the corporate identity of the company have been identified as the main factors for adopting International EPD® Programme as environmental communication tool. On the contrary, the main weakness identified is the lack of knowledge about EPD programmes in general, by consumers.Ibáñez-Forés, V.; Pacheco-Blanco, B.; Capuz-Rizo, SF.; Bovea, M. (2016). Environmental Product Declarations: exploring their evolution and the factors affecting their demand in Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production. (116):157-169. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.078S15716911

Key Performance Indicators to optimize the environmental performance of Higher Education Institutions with environmental management system - A case study of Universitat Politècnica de València

[EN] Environmental performance is becoming increasingly important to organizational decision-making boards. As with other organizations, Higher Education Institutions concerned with environmental performance require tools to help develop appropriate policies and programs. Key Performance Indicators are typically a component of economic and financial decision-making. Defining Key Performance Indicators for relevant environmental aspects of an institution can be seen as a step toward integrating environmental issues into overall management. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to define environmental Key Performance Indicators for Higher Education Institutions with a robust Environmental Management System (International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certified or Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) verified), and this methodology is coupled with a validation system based on meta-performance evaluation indicators. The proposal is based on the relative significance of various environmental aspects and the degree of operational control that an organization has over each aspect. The methodology is developed to be easy to applied, minimum time and resource consumption) and integrate in an existent Environmental Management System. It starts with a standard procedure to define the organization allowing its application to any type of Higher Education Institution. Additionally, a list of over 140 environmental indicators, described and classified, is offered. An environmental unit, Escuela Politecnica Superior de Alcoy (EPSA), of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, EMAS verified, is used as a case study. From the study, seven Key Performance Indicators are defined, and three of these are fully assessed. Energy consumption, waste management treatment, and greenhouse gas emissions are the key elements of these three indicators. Institutions with robust Environmental Management Systems have significant advantages in identifying relevant environmental aspects and defining goals to begin defining Key Performance Indicators. However, Environmental Management Systems do not themselves ensure that data are available, nor that they are of the quality desired. In the case study, additional resources are required to generate Key Performance Indicators to assess significant environmental aspects. Securing those additional resources would benefit both the Environmental Management System and the organizational decision-makers. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Lo-Iacono-Ferreira, VG.; Capuz-Rizo, SF.; Torregrosa López, JI. (2018). Key Performance Indicators to optimize the environmental performance of Higher Education Institutions with environmental management system - A case study of Universitat Politècnica de València. Journal of Cleaner Production. 178:846-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.184S84686517

Organizational life cycle assessment: suitability for higher education institutions with environmental management systems

[EN] Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the suitability of organizational life cycle assessments (O-LCAs) for higher education institutions (HEIs) with special attention to the benefits and particularities of those adopting environmental management systems (EMSs) verified according to Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Methods A thorough analysis following ISO/TS 14072 and UNEP Guidance was carried out using the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) EMS verified by the EMAS for guiding principles to develop the methodological proposal. The self-sufficiency of UPV EMS for developing an O-LCA was tested at the university pilot unit. The four steps of the O-LCA were applied to the pilot. Results and discussion A reporting organization, the organization to be studied (boundaries and scope), was defined in consideration of the environmental units (EU) of the EMS. Operational control was selected as a consolidation method. Reporting flows and system boundaries are also discussed. A three-scope scheme of the GHG protocol is introduced and combined with the ISO 14072 boundary definition to support better alignment with the HEI structure. For the life cycle inventory analysis, a mechanism for identifying activities and processes as well as their material and energy flows is proposed in consideration of the particularities of HEIs. A procedure for the prioritization of data collection efforts and cutoffs was developed. The procedure integrates current EMAS actions based on the significance of environmental aspects combined with the influence of reporting organizations under their control. Impact categories focus on midpoint indicators along with an additional inventory level indicator as part of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Unfortunately, due to a lack of quality data available, LCIA can only be assessed in part with little interest in outcomes. Partial results are presented. Conclusions An EMS verified by EMAS is proven to be useful in the assessment of O-LCA for HEIs. However, EMAS requirements do not ensure the availability of all data needed to develop an O-LCA. An accounting system should complement a lack of data if it is properly structured. Considerable efforts are required to obtain an accurate result. EMS and the accounting system may be able to provide information that supports an O-LCA approach based on a coherent prioritization of data collection efforts and cutoff procedures along with a set of justified impact category indicators. Overall, organization managers must be in favor of such an assessment to meet the requirements of successful implementation.Lo-Iacono-Ferreira, VG.; Torregrosa López, JI.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2017). Organizational life cycle assessment: suitability for higher education institutions with environmental management systems. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 22(12):1928-1943. doi:10.1007/s11367-017-1289-8S192819432212Braunschweig A (2014) GHG-balances and LCA: applying the concept of scopes in organisational LCAs. E2 Management Consulting http://www.e2mc.com Accessed 1 July 2016Clift R, Wright L (2000) Relationships between environmental impacts and added value along the supply chain. Technol Forecast Soc 65(3):281–295Cortese AD (2003) The critical role of higher education in creating a sustainable future. Planning for higher education. Retrived from http://www.aashe.org/documents/resources/pdf/Cortese_PHE.pdf . Accessed 1 June 2016Curran MA (2017) Goal and scope definition in life cycle assessment. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978—94-024-0855-3Disterheft A, da Silva Caeiro SSF, Ramos MR, de Miranda Azeiteiro UM (2012) Environmental Management Systems (EMS) implementation processes and practices in European higher education institutions—top-down versus participatory approaches. J Clean Prod 31:80–90Draucker L (2013) GHG Protocol: moving Corporate Accounting Beyond GHGs. Abstract Book: SETAC North American 34th Annual Meeting, Nashville, USAEC (2013) European Commission Organization Environmental Footprint Guide. European Commission-Joint Research Centre-Institute for Environment and Sustainability http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:124:SOM:EN:HTML Accessed 1 June 2016EC (2016) European Commission Environment. Eco-Management and Audit Scheme http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/ Accessed 1 June 2016Finkbeiner M, Wiedemann M, Saur K (1998) A comprehensive approach towards product and organisation related environmental management tools. Int J Life Cycle Assess 3(3):169–178Fleischer G, Gerner K, Kunst H, Lichtenvort K, Rebitzer G (2001) A semi-quantitative method for the impact assessment of emissions within a simplified life cycle assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 6(3):149–156GRI (2005) GRI Boundary Protocol. Global Reporting Initiative. https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Boundary-Protocol.pdf Accessed 1 June 2016Hauschild MZ, Huijbregts MA (2015) Introducing life cycle impact assessment. In: Hauschild MZ, Huijbregts MAJ (eds) Life cycle impact assessment, LCA compendium—the complete world of life cycle assessment. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9744-3_1Hellweg S, Milà i Canals L (2014) Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment. Science 344(6188):1109–1113Hochschorner E, Finnveden G (2003) Evaluation of two simplified life cycle assessment methods. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(3):119–128Huang YA, Lenzen M, Weber CL, Murray J, Matthews HS (2009) The role of input-output analysis for the screening of corporate carbon footprints. Econ Systems Res 21(3):217–242ISO (2004) Environmental management systems—requirements with guidance for use ISO 14001: 2004. International Organization for Standardization, GenevaISO (2006a) ISO 14040: environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework. International Organization for Standardization, GenevaISO (2006b) ISO 14044: environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, GenevaISO (2014) ISO/TS 14072: environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines for organizational life cycle assessment. International Organization for Standardization, GenevaJolliet O, Frischknecht R, Bare J, Boulay AM, Bulle C, Fantke P, Weisbrod A (2014) Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: findings of the scoping phase. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19(4):962–967Lave LB, Cobas-Flores E, Hendrickson CT, McMichael FC (1995) Using input-output analysis to estimate economy-wide discharges. Environ Sci Technol 29(9):420A–426ALife Cycle Initiative (2016) http://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/ Accessed 22 June 2016Lo-Iacono-Ferreira V, Torregrosa-López JI, Lora García J, Bastante-Ceca MJ, Capuz-Rizo SF (2011) Study of the inclusion of life cycle assessment impact categories in ecological footprint. XV International Congress of Project Engineering. ISBN: 978-84-615-4543-8Lo-Iacono-Ferreira VG, Torregrosa-López JI, Capuz-Rizo SF (2016a) Use of life cycle assessment methodology in the analysis of ecological footprint assessment results to evaluate the environmental performance of universities. J Clean Prod 133:43–53Lo-Iacono-Ferreira VG, Capuz-Rizo SF, Torregrosa-López JI (2016b) Ecological Footprint Assessment of Higher Education applying Life Cycle Assessment framework. Case study: Universitat Politència de València. 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Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-287-913-4Martínez-Blanco J, Inaba A, Finkbeiner M (2015a) Halfway point in the flagship project LCA of organizations by UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative. Int J Life Cycle Ass Japan 11:1–7Martínez-Blanco J, Inaba A, Quiros A, Valdivia S, Milà-i-Canals L, Finkbeiner M (2015b) Organizational LCA: the new member of the LCA family—introducing the UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative guidance document. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20(8):1045–1047Martínez-Blanco J, Inaba A, Finkbeiner M (2015c) Scoping organizational LCA—challenges and solutions. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20(6):829–841Pelletier N, Allacker K, Pant R, Manfredi S (2013) The European Commission Organisation Environmental Footprint method: comparison with other methods, and rationales for key requirements. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19(2):387–404Resta B, Gaiardelli P, Pinto R, Dotti S (2016) Enhancing environmental management in the textile sector: an organisational-life cycle assessment approach. 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Evaluation of Project Duration Uncertainty using the Dependency Structure Matrix and Monte Carlo Simulations

The sequence of tasks is vital to the development of any project. The order of tasks is influenced by the information flow among them. The dependency structure matrix (DSM) can be used to model information flow. However, the information used by the DSM, including task duration, time required for communication, and task overlap, can have uncertain values. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of uncertainty on the scheduling of tasks using the DSM. Monte Carlo Simulation is applied to represent uncertainty in time estimates for projects using DSM. Conventional project duration, normal project duration with communication times, and normal project duration containing natural overlapping were considered for project time estimations. Several distribution functions were used to represent the uncertainty. It is concluded that project duration has normal distribution behavior that is independent of the type of input parameter distribution functions; that mean values of the input parameters give a good estimation of mean project duration; that interval and inner interval arithmetic give overestimation and underestimation of project duration times respectively.La secuencia de actividades es vital para el desarrollo de cualquier proyecto. El orden de las actividades está influenciado por el flujo de información entre ellas. La matriz de la estructura de dependencias (DSM) se puede utilizar para modelar el flujo de información. Sin embargo, la información utilizada por la DSM puede tener valores inciertos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto de la incertidumbre sobre la programación de actividades utilizando la DSM. La simulación de Monte Carlo se aplica para representar la incertidumbre en las estimaciones de tiempo para proyectos que utilizan DSM. Para las estimaciones de duración de proyecto se consideraron la duración convencional del proyecto, la duración normal de proyecto con tiempos de comunicación, y la duración normal de proyecto con superposición natural. Las incertidumbres se representaron con varias funciones de distribución. Se concluye que la duración de proyecto presenta distribución normal que es independiente del tipo de funciones de distribución de los parámetros de entrada; valores medios de los parámetros de entrada dan una buena estimación de la duración media del proyecto; las aritméticas de intervalo e intervalos interior dan una sobreestimación y subestimación de los tiempos de duración de proyecto respectivamente.Galvez, ED.; Ordieres, JB.; Capuz-Rizo, SF. (2015). Evaluation of Project Duration Uncertainty using the Dependency Structure Matrix and Monte Carlo Simulations. Revista de la Construcción (Online). 14(2):72-79. doi:10.4067/S0718-915X2015000200010S727914

Evaluación de procesos de desgaste en turbinas aeronáuticas mediante espectrometría por disco rotativo(rde) y por contador de partículas láser(lnf)

En esta ponencia se realiza una revisión de diferentes metodologías para la evaluación de procesos de desgaste en turbinas aéreas derivadas. Mediante el análisis de las características del lubricante utilizado, a través de espectrometría de micropartículas y de la evaluación por contadores de partículas de tamaño superior a los 20 micrómetros, se pretende determinar procesos de desgaste y correlaciones entre diversos parámetros de funcionamiento de la turbina. Para ello se presentan las principales metodologías de análisis de aceite en uso, indicando la información que suministran, los ámbitos en los que su aplicación es pertinente, y se muestran los resultados de diferentes casos de aplicación correspondientes tanto a aeronaves de ala fija como de ala rotativa