Microchipping of animals and possible adverse effects in veterinary medicine

Mikročipiranje se pokazalo najkorisnijom metodom označavanja životinja u veterinarskoj medicini i stočarstvu. Zbog visoke učinkovitosti i jednostavne primjene vrlo brzo je doseglo globalne razmjere. U Republici Hrvatskoj mikročipiranje smiju obavljati samo ovlašteni veterinari koji su dužni slijediti zakonski propisane upute o načinu implantacije. Mikročip je pasivan uređaj i svojom prisutnošću ne šteti organizmu. Od početka njegove uporabe kao uređaja za označavanje životinja, prijavljeno je svega nekoliko slučajeva nuspojava i istraživanja u svrhu proučavanja njegove biokompatibilnosti s organizmom. Među najčešćim neželjenim učincima spominju se pretjerane reakcije organizma, tumori, pogrešna implantacija te migracija kao daleko najzastupljenija pojava. Iako su nuspojave moguće, današnjim napretkom tehnologije, usavršavanjima u području biokompatibilnosti te trajanju mikročipova, njihov rizik sveden je na minimum. Uz sve navedeno, odgovornost veterinara za pravilnu implantaciju ima znatnu ulogu u smanjivanju tog rizika.Microchipping of animals has proven to be the most useful animal marking technique. Due to its high efficiency and easy application, it quickly reached a global scale. Microchipping in the Republic of Croatia may only be performed by authorized veterinarians who are obliged to abide by the legislation regulating implantation. The microchip is a passive device and its presence causes no harm to the animal. Since its common use as an animal marking technique, only a few studies have reported side effects. Most of the side effects are excessive body reactions, tumours, incorrect implantation and migration. Although side effects are possible, today’s technological advancements in the area of biocompatibility and duration of microchips have reduced the risk of side effects to a minimum. Additionally, the veterinarian’s responsibility for proper implantation also plays a role in reducing this risk

Antimikrobna premedikacija kao profilaksa pri izvođenju hirurških zahvata u abdomenu

The aim of this study was to evaluate three combinations of antibiotics applied perorally prior to laparotomy and gastrointestinal surgery and to select the most favorable combination. Research was performed on 24 female and male dogs divided into four groups. Following abdominal wall incision the caecum was compressed manually and 5 mL of saline solution was injected into it. Five mL of caecum contents was aspirated in a sterile syringe and only 0.1 mL was incubated into blood agar and homogenous agar. Bacterial colonies were counted and determined. Prior to surgery the control group (n=6) received no antibiotics. The group which received the combination of gentamicin and clindamycin (n=6) achieved the best reduction of E. coli whereas Enterococcus faecals was 100% destroyed. The group which received amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and metronidazole (n=6) acquired a reduction of bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, which could be sufficient for prophylaxis. The combination of gentamicin and erythromycin (n=6) failed to accomplish a reduction of the number of bacteria.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se procene tri kombinacije antibiotika primenjenih peroralno pre laparotomije i gastrointestinalne hirurgije i da se odredi najefi kasnija kombinacija. Istraživanje na psima je izvedeno na 24 mužjaka i ženke podeljene u četiri grupe. Nakon incizije abdominalnog zida slepo crevo je pritisnuto i ubrizgano je 5 mL fi ziološkog rastvora u njega. Pet mL sadržaja slepog creva je aspirirano u sterilne injekcione špriceve, od čega je samo 0,1 mL inkubiran na krvni i homogeni agar. Nakon toga su prebrojane i determinisane bakterijske kolonije. Pre hirurškog zahvata kontrolna grupa (n=6) nije primila antibiotik. U grupi koja je primila kombinaciju gentamicina i klindamicina (n=6) ostvareno je najveće smanjenje broja E. coli, dok je Enterococcus faecalis uništen u 100% efektu. U grupi koja je primila amoksicilin - klavulansku kiselinu i metronidazol (n=6) ostvareno je smanjenje broja bakterije Enterococcus faecalis, što bi moglo da bude dovoljno za profi laksu. Kombinacija gentamicina i eritromicina (n=6) nije ostvarila zadovoljavajuće rezultate

Indukcija ovipozicije u bradate agame (Pogona vitticeps) s postoovulacijskom retencijom jaja (distocija) - prikaz slučaja

A 2-year-old bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), was admitted to the Clinic due to interrupted oviposition. The lizard had laid 1 egg with an insufficiently calcified eggshell 4 days before admission. The lizard was lethargic, without appetite and had been digging the substrate inside the terrarium. During the clinical examination, hard consistency formations were palpable in the coelom. Ultrasound and X-ray findings confirmed the presence of 14 calcified eggs in the coelom cavity. The diagnosis suggested postovulatory dystocia. Therapy included rehydration of the patient and induction of oviposition. Two doses of calcium borogluconate were administrated i/m (35 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg after 30 minutes) and oxytocin (5 IU) was also given intramuscularly. Within the next 20 hours the patient laid 14 calcified eggs. On X-ray follow up 24 hours after therapy, no retained eggs were observed so the animal was released from the Clinic. The owners were advised that the current diet should be supplemented with calcium and phosphorus in the prescribed daily dose, to prevent future dystocia. On the next oviposition the animal successfully laid 38 calcified eggs. This case report describes the clinical presentation and diagnosis of dystocia and a therapeutic protocol for induction of oviposition in a bearded dragon. The described hormonal protocol is important due to the fact that the oxytocin causes induction of the oviposition more than 72 hours from commencing the oviposition which is different from the findings of other authors who reported that its effect only lasts up to 72 hours.Bradata agama (Pogona vitticeps) u dobi od dvije godine zaprimljena je na kliniku zbog prekida ovipozicije. Gušterica je četiri dana prije dolaska na kliniku izbacila jedno djelomično kalcificirano jaje. Otada je apatična, nema apetita te učestalo kopa supstrat u terariju. Tijekom kliničkog pregleda palpacijom celoma pronađene su tvorbe tvrde konzistencije. Ultrazvučni i rendgenski nalaz potvrdio je prisutnost 14 kalcificiranih jaja u celomnoj šupljini što upućuje na postovulacijsku distociju. Terapija je uključivala rehidraciju pacijenta i indukciju ovipozicije, stoga su aplicirane dvije doze kalcijeva boroglukonata (35 mg/kg te nakon 30 minuta 50 mg/kg im.) i oksitocin (5 i. j. im.). U sljedećih 20 sati gušterica je izbacila 14 kalcificiranih jaja. Na kontrolnom rendgenogramu 24 sata nakon terapije nije bilo vidljivih zaostalih jaja. Vlasnicima je savjetovano da trenutačnoj prehrani nadodaju kalcij i fosfor u propisanoj dnevnoj dozi kako bi se spriječila opetovana distocija. Prilikom sljedeće ovipozicije životinja je uspješno izbacila 38 kalcificiranih jaja. Ovaj prikaz slučaja opisuje klinički tijek i dijagnostiku distocije te terapijski protokol za indukciju ovipozicije u bradate agame. Opisan hormonski protokol važan je jer dokazuje da je učinak oksitocina na indukciju ovipozicije dulji od 72 sata što se razlikuje od navoda drugih autora koji tvrde da učinak traje do 72 sata od početka ovipozicije

ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN DOG /ED/

Lakatna je displazija pojam koji označava jednu ili više razvojnih anomalija u pasa u dobi do godinu dana. U radu su prvenstveno opisani i rendgenološki prikazani znakovi nesklada zgobnih ploha, nesraštenoga ankonealnog izdanka, fragmentiranoga koronoidnog izdanka i osteohondroze kondila humerusa. Navedeni su i načini procjene anomalije prema međunarodnim standardima.Elbow dysplasia is a term that includes one or more developmental abnormalities in dogs aged up to one year. The paper defi nes and describes radiological signs of distractio cubiti, ununited anconeal proces, fragmented medial coronoid proces and osteochondrosis of the medial condyle of the humerus. The assessment of anomalies according to international standards is described as well

Gastric ulceration and pneumoperitoneum in a dog

Pas mastif, u dobi od četiri godine, u po- sljednje je vrijeme pokazivao znakove slabog apetita, potištenosti, povraćanja i znatne pro- širenosti trbuha. Rendgenografski su utvrđe- ni znaci obilnog pneumoperitoneuma nastali nakon ulkusne perforacije želuca u području kaudalnog dijela velike krivine fundusa. Di- jagnoza je potvrđena kontrastnom pretragom želuca i tankih crijeva. Kirurški na želucu, između velike i male krivine, uočen je otvor promjera oko 1 cm, nepravilnih rubova. Hi- stopatološki je utvrđen piogranulomatozni gastritis.A 4-year old mastiff presented with reduced appetite, depression, vomiting and moderate tympanic abdominal distension. Severe pneumoperitoneum was detected radiographically. The cause of the pneumoperitoneum was a small perforation in the caudal part of the gastric fundus, secondary to gastric ulceration. Diagnosis of the pneumoperitoneum was confirmed with contrast radiography of the stomach and small intestine.Atthetimeofsurgery,anunbordered perforation about 1 cm in diameter, was found between the major and minor stomach curvature. Histopathological examination identified transmural pyogranulomatous gastritis

Radiographic diagnosis of intervertebral disc protrusion in the dog

Protruzija intervertebralnog diska pojavljuje se u gotovo svih pasmina pasa. Klinički se očituje bolom, gubitkom koordinacije, ukočenošću vrata, odbijanjem hrane, parezom i paralizom ekstremiteta. Pojavljuje se u dva morfološki odvojena oblika: jedan nalazimo u mlađih, hondrodistrofičnih pasmina pasa (Hansen tipa I), a drugi u svih ostalih (Hansen tipa II). Protruzija diska rendgenološki se dijagnosticira nativnom pretragom i mijelografijom. Od ostalih pretraga koje se mogu primijeniti na raspolaganju nam stoje diskografija, epidurografija, kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT) i magnetna rezonancija (MR). U trogodišnjem razdoblju (2009. – 2012.) istraživana je učestalost i mjesto protruzije diska u različitih pasmina pasa. U istraživanom uzorku bilo je obuhvaćeno 275 pasa različitih pasmina. Križani psi prikazani su u analizi odvojeno. Općenito gledajući, protruzija diska dijagnosticirana je u hondrodistrofičnih pasmina pasa u 66%, a u nehondrodistrofičnih u 12% slučajeva. Na križane se pse odnosi 22% slučajeva. Pasmine u kojih je najveća pojavnost protruzije jesu pudl, pekinezer i koker španijel. Najučestalije mjesto protruzije bio je intervertebralni prostor između 12. i 13. prsnog kralješka (23%), zatim prostor između 13. prsnog i prvoga slabinskog kralješka (18%), petoga i šestog slabinskog kralješka (14%), prvoga i drugog (11%) te četvrtoga i petog slabinskog kralješka (11%). Mjesto protruzije između 11. i 12. prsnog kralješka bilo je dijagnosticirano u 6% slučajeva, a između 3. i 4. te 4. i 5. slabinskog kralješka u 5% slučajeva. Protruzije diska na svim ostalim intervertebralnim prostorima bile su dijagnosticirane u 7% slučajeva.Intervertebral disc protrusion occurs in almost all breeds of dogs. Clinical signs include pain, loss of coordination, neck stiffness, lack of apetite , paresis and/or paralyses of extremities. It appears in two separate morphological forms, as Hansen type I disc protrusion in predominantly chondrodystrophic breeds an as Hansen type II in all other. Radiological diagnostic methods include plain radiography and myelography. Other methods available are discography, epidurography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonace imaging (MRI). Our study reviewed the results of plain and myelography diagnosed disc protrusion in the three year period (2009-2012). During that period, 275 dogs of different breeds were included in the study, as well as mongrel dogs which are displayed as a separate group in results. In overall, chondrodystrophic breeds were present with 66% of all cases examined, non chondrodystrophic breeds in 12% and crossbred group 22% of all cases. The breeds with most occurence of disc protrusion were Poodle, Pekingese dog and Cocker Spaniel. Intervertebral disc protrusion most often occured between T12 and T13 vertebral bodies (23%), followed by T13 and L1 (18%), L5 and L6 (14%), L1 and L2 (11%), L4 and L5 (6%), T11 and T12 (6%) and between L3 and L4 (5%). All other herniations were diagnosed in 7% of cases

Congenital urogenital anomaly in dogs

Urođene anomalije urogenitalnog sustava česte su u dijagnostici, poglavito u mladih pasa. Nastaju jer se za vrijeme intrauterinog razvoja organi urogenitalnog sustava razvijaju iz različitih tkiva. Od brojnih poznatih anomalija najčešće se dijagnosticira ektopični ureter. Ovisno o kojoj se anomaliji radi, najefikasnije metode za dijagnostiku jesu ultrazvučna pretraga, kontrastna radiografija, cistoskopija i kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT). Najčešća je metoda liječenja korektivni kirurški zahvat.Congenital urogenital anomalies are often diagnosed in younger dogs, as during intrauterine development, the urogenital organs develop from a variety of tissues. Of the many anomalies, ectopic ureter is the most commonly diagnosed. The most effective methods for diagnosing various anomalies are ultrasonography, contrast radiography, cystoscopy, and computerized tomography. The most common method for treatment is a surgical procedure

Hip dysplasia classification and its incidence in dogs

U svijetu postoje tri glavna načina klasifi kacije kriterija za procjenu displazije kukova, a to su: FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale), OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) i BVA/KC (British Veterinary Association / The Kennel Club). U radu su opisana sva tri načina klasifikacije. Prikazana je učestalost displazije u pojedinih pasmina pasa po stupnjevima u razdoblju od dvije godine.Around the world there are 3 scoring modes that are used: The FCI mode (Federation Cynologique Internationale), the OFA mode (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) and BVA/KC mode (British Veterinary Association/ The Kenel Club). The paper describes three ways to classify hip dysplasia. The incidence of hip dysplasia is shown in certain breeds of dogs by its degree during the period of two years

Radiography and ultrasonography of common prostatic diseases in dogs

Rendgenska pretraga prostate temeljna je slikovna dijagnostička metoda koja omogućuje prikaz oblika, veličine, položaja i intenziteta sjene prostate kod pasa. Rendgenografski vidljive promjene često nisu dovoljno specifične. Stoga ultrazvučnom pretragom znatno bolje vizualiziramo i razlikujemo bolesti prostate. Patološke promjene prostate koje diferenciramo uključuju benignu hipertrofiju prostate, ciste, prostatitis, apsces ili neoplazije. U modernoj se praksi rendgenski prikazi prostate vrlo često nadopunjuju ultrazvučnim ili kontrastnim radiografskim pretragama.Radiography is a basic diagnostic imaging procedure that permits presentation of the appearance of the shape, size, position and intensity of prostatic shadows in dogs. X-ray imaging findings are not sufficiently specific for certain diagnosis. Ultrasonography has considerably improved the visibility of prostatic diseases. It has made it possible to show the inner structure of the prostatic gland using a simple and non-invasive approach. Diagnoses which should be differentiated during diagnostic imaging include: benign prostatic hyperplasia, cyst, prostatitis, abscess or neoplasia. In practice, x-ray imaging is supplementary to ultrasonography and contrast media imaging. The purpose of the diagnostics is to show the changes clearly and to make a correct diagnosis for the sake of proper treatment