4,645 research outputs found
How the Justice System Responds to Juvenile Victims: A Comprehensive Model.
The justice system handles thousands of cases involving juvenile victims each year. These victims are served by a complex set of agencies and institutions, including police, prosecutors, courts, and child protection agencies. Despite the many cases involving juvenile victims and the structure in place for responding to them, the juvenile victim justice system model presented in this Bulletin is a new concept. Although the juvenile victim justice system has a distinct structure and sequence, its operation is not very well understood. Unlike the more familiar juvenile offender justice system, the juvenile victim justice system has not been conceptualized as a whole or implemented by a common set of statutes. This Bulletin identifies the major elements of the juvenile victim justice system by delineating how cases move through the system. It reviews each step in the case flow process for the child protection and criminal justice systems and describes the interaction of the agencies an individuals involved. Recognizing how the juvenile victim justice system works can inform policy decisions and improve outcomes for juvenile victims. Acknowledging the existence of the system has important implications for system integration, information sharing, and data collection—all of which play a key role in ensuring the safety and well-being of juvenile victims
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Midwinter suppression of baroclinic storm activity on Mars: observations and models
Baroclinic instability and intense traveling wave activity on Mars is well known to occur in “storm zones” (Hollingsworth et al. 1996) close to the edge of the advancing or retreating polar ice cap. Such activity usually sets in during Martian fall and continues until the onset of the summer season when large-scale instability mostly ceases as the atmosphere is no longer baroclinically unstable. The stormy season is typically characterized by large-scale, zonally-propagating waves with zonal wavenumbers m = 1-3, the lower wavenumber modes typically penetrating to considerable altitude though may also be surface-intensified.
As we show below, however, some observations suggest that this eddy activity does not persist uniformly throughout the autumn, winter and spring seasons, but appears to die down quite consistently within 10 sols or so either side of the winter solstice. This midwinter ‘solsticial pause’ appears to be a sufficiently consistent feature of each winter season in both hemispheres to be regarded as a significant feature of Martian climatology, and could affect a variety of aspects of Martian meteorology including global heat and momentum transport, occurrence of dust storms etc.
A somewhat similar phenomenon has also been documented for the Earth (e.g. Nakamura 1992; Penny et al. 2010), especially in relation to seasonal variations in the north Pacific storm tracks. The cause of this phenomenon is still not well established, though suggested mechanisms include the effects of enhanced barotropic shear (the so-called ‘barotropic governor’ (James & Gray 1986) and interactions with topography over central Asia.
In this presentation we examine evidence for this phenomenon in the assimilated record of Martian climate from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on board the Mars Global Surveyor mission (MGSTES), in conjunction with the UK version of the LMD-Oxford-OU-IAA Mars GCM (Forget et al. 1999; Montabone et al. 2006; Lewis et al. 2007). This is further corroborated in other evidence from seasonal variations in the incidence of local and regional dust storms that owe their origin to circumpolar baroclinic storms. We also discuss the extent to which this ‘solsticial pause’ phenomenon is reproduced in stand-alone atmospheric models and present results of some simulations to test a number of hypotheses for its dynamical origin on Mars
Complete tyrosine O-sulfation of gastrin in adult and neonatal cat pancreas
AbstractWe have found gastrin in both the adult and neonatal cat pancreas. In contrast with the main production sites, antrum and duodenum, gastrin in the pancreas occurs in a single molecular form, tyrosine O-sulfated gastrin-17. Since tyrosine sulfation increases the pancreozymic effect of gastrin, the complete sulfation seems functionally expedient
Uniqueness and Non-uniqueness in the Einstein Constraints
The conformal thin sandwich (CTS) equations are a set of four of the Einstein
equations, which generalize the Laplace-Poisson equation of Newton's theory. We
examine numerically solutions of the CTS equations describing perturbed
Minkowski space, and find only one solution. However, we find {\em two}
distinct solutions, one even containing a black hole, when the lapse is
determined by a fifth elliptic equation through specification of the mean
curvature. While the relationship of the two systems and their solutions is a
fundamental property of general relativity, this fairly simple example of an
elliptic system with non-unique solutions is also of broader interest.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures; abstract and introduction rewritte
Modular termination verification for non-blocking concurrency
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016.We present Total-TaDA, a program logic for verifying the total correctness of concurrent programs: that such programs both terminate and produce the correct result. With Total-TaDA, we can specify constraints on a thread’s concurrent environment that are necessary to guarantee termination. This allows us to verify total correctness for nonblocking algorithms, e.g. a counter and a stack. Our specifications can express lock- and wait-freedom. More generally, they can express that one operation cannot impede the progress of another, a new non-blocking property we call non-impedance. Moreover, our approach is modular. We can verify the operations of a module independently, and build up modules on top of each other
The binary black-hole problem at the third post-Newtonian approximation in the orbital motion: Static part
Post-Newtonian expansions of the Brill-Lindquist and Misner-Lindquist
solutions of the time-symmetric two-black-hole initial value problem are
derived. The static Hamiltonians related to the expanded solutions, after
identifying the bare masses in both solutions, are found to differ from each
other at the third post-Newtonian approximation. By shifting the position
variables of the black holes the post-Newtonian expansions of the three metrics
can be made to coincide up to the fifth post-Newtonian order resulting in
identical static Hamiltonians up the third post-Newtonian approximation. The
calculations shed light on previously performed binary point-mass calculations
at the third post-Newtonian approximation.Comment: LaTeX, 9 pages, to be submitted to Physical Review
Structural, mechanical and thermodynamic properties of a coarse-grained DNA model
We explore in detail the structural, mechanical and thermodynamic properties
of a coarse-grained model of DNA similar to that introduced in Thomas E.
Ouldridge, Ard A. Louis, Jonathan P.K. Doye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 178101
(2010). Effective interactions are used to represent chain connectivity,
excluded volume, base stacking and hydrogen bonding, naturally reproducing a
range of DNA behaviour. We quantify the relation to experiment of the
thermodynamics of single-stranded stacking, duplex hybridization and hairpin
formation, as well as structural properties such as the persistence length of
single strands and duplexes, and the torsional and stretching stiffness of
double helices. We also explore the model's representation of more complex
motifs involving dangling ends, bulged bases and internal loops, and the effect
of stacking and fraying on the thermodynamics of the duplex formation
transition.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figure
Stretching Semiflexible Polymer Chains: Evidence for the Importance of Excluded Volume Effects from Monte Carlo Simulation
Semiflexible macromolecules in dilute solution under very good solvent
conditions are modeled by self-avoiding walks on the simple cubic lattice
( dimensions) and square lattice ( dimensions), varying chain
stiffness by an energy penalty for chain bending. In the absence
of excluded volume interactions, the persistence length of the
polymers would then simply be with , the bond length being the lattice spacing,
and is the thermal energy. Using Monte Carlo simulations applying the
pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM), both and the chain length
are varied over a wide range ), and
also a stretching force is applied to one chain end (fixing the other end
at the origin). In the absence of this force, in a single crossover from
rod-like behavior (for contour lengths less than ) to swollen coils
occurs, invalidating the Kratky-Porod model, while in a double crossover
occurs, from rods to Gaussian coils (as implied by the Kratky-Porod model) and
then to coils that are swollen due to the excluded volume interaction. If the
stretching force is applied, excluded volume interactions matter for the force
versus extension relation irrespective of chain stiffness in , while
theories based on the Kratky-Porod model are found to work in for stiff
chains in an intermediate regime of chain extensions. While for in
this model a persistence length can be estimated from the initial decay of
bond-orientational correlations, it is argued that this is not possible for
more complex wormlike chains (e.g. bottle-brush polymers). Consequences for the
proper interpretation of experiments are briefly discussed.Comment: 23 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables, to be published in J. Chem. Phys.
(2011
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