Early leaf removal as strategy to reduce Botrytis bunch rot on Chardonnay grapevine in high altitude region of Santa Catarina state

The objective of this work is to compare different periods of leaf removal in the control of this disease in Chardonnay grown in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina - Brazil. The experiments were conducted in São Joaquim city, in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. The treatments consisted of leaf removal at the phenological stages of full bloom, buckshot berries, pea-sized berries, veraison, and the control treatment, in which the plants without leaf removal. Epidemiological variables were calculated from: beginning of symptom appearance; times to reach maximum disease incidence and severity; maximum disease incidence and severity; and areas under the incidence and severity disease progress curves. The results of the present work show the importance of early leaf removal of Chardonnay in management of B. cinerea, it is recommended to be carried out at the phenological stages of full bloom, buckshot berries and pea-sized berries, as it provides a reduction in the maximum severity of B. cinerea and a reduction of AUSDPC. The rate of disease progression demonstrated that B. cinerea infection and development was faster in plants not submitted to leaf removal. The management of early leaf removal is efficient to prevent the development of B. cinerea in Chardonnay.The objective of this work is to compare different periods of leaf removal in the control of this disease in Chardonnay grown in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina - Brazil. The experiments were conducted in São Joaquim city, in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. The treatments consisted of leaf removal at the phenological stages of full bloom, buckshot berries, pea-sized berries, veraison, and the control treatment, in which the plants without leaf removal. Epidemiological variables were calculated from: beginning of symptom appearance; times to reach maximum disease incidence and severity; maximum disease incidence and severity; and areas under the incidence and severity disease progress curves. The results of the present work show the importance of early leaf removal of Chardonnay in management of Botrytis cinerea, it is recommended to be carried out at the phenological stages of full bloom, buckshot berries and pea-sized berries, as it provides a reduction in the maximum severity of B. cinerea and a reduction of AUSDPC. The rate of disease progression demonstrated that B. cinerea infection and development was faster in plants not submitted to leaf removal. the management of early leaf removal (performed before veraison) is more efficient to prevent or suppress the development of B. cinerea in Chardonnay in edaphoclimatic conditions of high altitude regions of Santa Catarina (Brazil)

Efeito do porta-enxerto sobre a concentração de compostos fenólicos em vinhos Cabernet Sauvignon e Merlot

Over a century ago, viticulture went from the cultivation of one species or grape variety to the cultivation of a plant composed of two genotypes: one responsible for growing the root system and the other for producing the fruit. To adapt to this new reality, a great amount of research has been done, with various studies ranging from grafting techniques to sensory analysis . Despite numerous studies on the influence of rootstocks on scion performance, many aspects of this interaction are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect that different rootstocks have on the concentration of phenolic compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines produced in the Southern Highlands of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by testing rootstocks 3309C and 101-14Mgt, in addition to P1103. Experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Painel (28°01’S, 50°08’W and 1,200 m) and São Joaquim (28°14’S, 49°58’W and 1,300 m) during the 2015, 2016, and 2017 vintages to assess the concentrations of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds in the wines. The results indicate that different rootstocks affect the wines’ phenolic composition. The concentration of flavonoid compounds increases with rootstock 3309C, compared to the commonly used rootstock P1103, in the Southern Highlands of Santa Catarina.  Há mais de um século, a viticultura deixou de ser a cultura de uma espécie ou uma variedade de videira, e passou a ser o cultivo de uma planta composta de dois genótipos: um para gerar o sistema radicular e o outro para produzir os frutos. Para se adaptar a essa nova realidade, a cadeia produtiva da uva e seus derivados tem desenvolvido estudos e pesquisas que vão desde o momento da enxertia até a degustação do vinho. Apesar do grande número de estudos sobre a influência dos porta-enxertos sobre o desempenho de variedades copa, muitos processos dessa interação ainda são desconhecidos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes porta-enxertos sobre a concentração de compostos fenólicos de vinhos das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon e Merlot, produzidos no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para tanto, foram testados, além do P1103, os porta-enxertos 3309C e 101-14Mgt. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos municípios de Painel (28°01’S, 50°08’W e 1.200 m) e São Joaquim (28°14’S, 49°58’O e 1.300 m), nas safras 2015, 2016 e 2017. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de compostos flavonoides e não-flavonoides nos vinhos. Os porta-enxertos influenciam na composição fenólica dos vinhos. O porta-enxerto 3309C aumenta a concentração de compostos flavonoides nos vinhos, em relação ao porta-enxerto tradicionalmente usado nos vinhedos do Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina

Avaliação da fertilidade de gemas de variedades de uvas viníferas cultivadas em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina

A low bud fertility of grapevines varieties is observed in the high altitude region of Santa Catarina, where variations in productivity create much doubt with regard to wine production. Given this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bud fertility of grapevine varieties in the high altitude region of Santa Catarina. This study was carried out in the period of 2016/2017. The shoots and buds were taken from a commercial vineyard, located in the city of São Joaquim. Shoots and buds of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc varieties were removed after pruning, performed in August 2017, and 20 shoots of each variety were collected to determine bud fertility. The buds were placed in fitotron in an environment with 60% relative humidity, temperature of 25 °C and 12 hours of light per day with intensity of 300-400 μE m-2 s-1. The buds were classified as fertile or non-fertile according to the presence or absence of inflorescence. For the evaluated grapevines varieties, it was observed a higher bud fertility in the apical position of shoot, and lower bud fertility in the basal position of the shoot. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety showed the lowest bud fertility among the five grape varieties evaluated, while Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and Merlot grape varieties showed the highest bud fertility. Due to the higher bud fertility in the apical position, a long pruning system is recommended for these varieties, aiming to increase the number of clusters per buds, and consequently increase productivity indexes of the vineyards.Observa-se na região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina baixo índice de fertilidade de gemas de variedades de uvas viníferas, sendo as variações na produtividade umas das maiores fontes de dúvidas na produção vitivinícola. Nesse contexto, tem-se como objetivo deste trabalho, avaliar a fertilidade de gemas de variedades viníferas em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina. O presente estudo foi realizado na safra 2016/2017. Os ramos e as gemas foram retiradas de um vinhedo comercial, localizado no município de São Joaquim. Foram retirados ramos e gemas das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Chardonnay e Sauvignon Blanc. Após a poda das videiras, realizada em agosto de 2017, foram coletados 20 ramos de um ano de cada variedade para se determinar em fitotron a fertilidade de gemas. As gemas foram colocadas em um ambiente com 60% de umidade relativa, temperatura de 25 °C e 12 horas de luz por dia com intensidade de 300-400 μE m-2 s-1. Após a brotação das gemas, as gemas foram classificadas em férteis ou não férteis de acordo com a presença ou ausência da inflorescência. Para as variedades viníferas avaliadas, observou-se maior fertilidade de gemas na posição apical do ramo, e a menor fertilidade de gemas na posição basal do ramo. A variedade Cabernet Sauvignon foi a que apresentou a menor fertilidade de gemas entre as cinco variedades viníferas avaliadas, enquanto as variedades Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay e Merlot foram as mais férteis. Por apresentarem maior fertilidade de gemas na posição apical, recomenda-se para essas variedades o sistema de poda longa, com objetivo de aumentar o número de cachos por gema, e consequentemente elevar os índices de produtividade dos vinhedos.

Fenologia e maturação da videira ‘Cabernet Franc’ em função de diferentes cargas de gemas em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of load of buds on phenology and the technological and phenological maturation of Cabernet Franc grapevine in high-altitude region of Santa Catarina. The present work was conducted during the 2016/2017 harvest, in a commercial vineyard, located in the city of São Joaquim. The treatments consisted of four different levels of bud loads: 15, 30, 50, and 75 plant-1 buds. During the vegetative cycle of the grapevine, the main phenological stages were evaluated (budding, flowering, color turning, and maturation for harvest), being evaluated qualitatively and qualitatively. At the time of harvest, 100 berries were collected per plot to determine technological and phenolic maturation. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared by Tukey test with a 5% probability of error. The increase of the bud load resulted in a longer duration of Budding and Flowering, whereas for the duration of Verásion, no effect of different bud loads was observed. Technological maturation was not influenced by the increase of the yolk load, and in the sample loading intervals (15 to 75 yolks/plant), maturation rates considered adequate for the elaboration of quality wines were obtained. The increase of the yolk load did not give a significant difference in the physical-chemical attributes, in the phenolic composition and color of the berries.Tem-se como objetivo desse trabalho avaliar o efeito do aumento da carga de gemas na fenologia e na maturação tecnológica e fenológica da videira Cabernet Franc em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina. O presente trabalho foi conduzido durante safra 2016/2017, em um vinhedo comercial, localizado no munícipio de São Joaquim. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro diferentes níveis de cargas de gemas: 15, 30, 50 e 75 gemas planta-1. Durante o ciclo vegetativo da videira foram avaliados os principais estádios fenológicos (brotação, floração, virada de cor e maturação para colheita), sendo avaliadas qualitativamente quanto qualitativamente. No momento da colheita foram coletadas 100 bagas por parcela para a determinação da maturação tecnológica e fenólica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e cinco plantas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. O aumento da carga de gemas resultou em maior duração da Brotação e Floração, enquanto para a duração do Verásion, não observou-se efeito das diferentes cargas de gemas. A maturação tecnológica não foi influenciada pelo aumento da carga de gemas, e nos intervalos de carga de gemas testadas (15 a 75 gemas/planta), obteve-se índices de maturação considerados adequados para a elaboração de vinhos de qualidade. O aumento da carga de gemas não proporcionou diferença significativa nos atributos físico-químicos, na composição fenólica e coloração das bagas

Maior carga de gemas da videira resulta em melhora dos índices produtivos e vegetativos da videira ‘Cabernet Franc’ cultivada em região de elevada altitude

To reach an adequate vegetative-productive balance, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of an increase of the bud load.plant-1 during pruning, on the productive characteristics and vegetative balance of Cabernet Franc grapevine cultivated in a high-altitude region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The present work was conducted during the 2016/2017 harvest, in a commercial vineyard located in the municipality of São Joaquim. Cabernet Franc variety grapevines grafted on the 'Paulsen 1103' rootstock were used. The treatments consisted of four different levels of bud loads: 15, 30, 50, and 75 buds.plant-1. At the time of harvesting, productive and vegetative variables were evaluated, and the growth of branches and secondary shoots was evaluated along the grapevine cycle. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. The increase of the bud load.plant-1 increased the number of branches and bunches.plant-1, resulting in increased plant production and productivity. The vegetative variables were influenced by the increase of buds.plant-1, with a reduction of the growth of branches and of secondary shoots. The increase of the bud load allowed a better vegetative-productive balance, with the reduction in the weight of pruning, and a Ravaz Index more suitable for the production of quality wines. In vineyards with low productivity and excessive vegetative vigor, the increase of bud load.plant-1 during winter pruning management is recommended.Buscando alcançar um adequado balanço vegeto-produtivo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do aumento da carga de gemas planta-1, no momento da poda, nas características produtivas e equilíbrio vegetativo da videira Cabernet Franc cultivada em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina. O presente trabalho foi conduzido durante a safra 2016/2017, em um vinhedo comercial, localizado no munícipio de São Joaquim. Utilizaram-se videiras da cultivar Cabernet Franc enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro diferentes níveis de cargas de gemas: 15, 30, 50 e 75 gemas planta-1. Avaliou-se no momento da colheita variáveis produtivas e vegetativas, e ao longo do ciclo da videira, avaliou-se o crescimento de ramos e feminelas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e cinco plantas por parcela. O aumento da carga de gemas planta-1 resultou em aumento do número de ramos e de cachos planta-1, resultando em aumento da produção por planta e da produtividade. As variáveis vegetativas foram influenciadas pelo aumento da gemas planta-1, observando-se redução do crescimento de ramos e de feminelas. O aumento da carga de gemas possibilitou melhor equilíbrio vegeto-produtivo, com redução do peso de poda, e obtenção do Índice de Ravaz mais adequado para a elaboração de vinhos de qualidade. Em vinhedos que apresentam baixa produtividade e excesso de vigor vegetativo, recomenda-se aumentar a carga de gemas planta-1 durante o manejo da poda invernal

Efeito da carga de gemas da videira ‘Cabernet Franc’ na interceptação da radiação solar e na fertilidade de gemas

Due to a lack of technical-scientific information about the effect of the retained node number on the interception of the solar radiation of the nodes and its effect on the fertility of nodes, this work aims to evaluate the effect of the increased number of nodes of the grapevine Cabernet Franc in relation to the interception of the photosynthetically active composition and its effect on the node fertility in high altitude region of Santa Catarina State. This experiment was conducted during the 2016/2017 harvest in a commercial vineyard located in the city of São Joaquim. Cabernet Franc plants grafted on the 'Paulsen 1103' rootstock were used. The treatments consisted of four different levels of retained node numbers: 15, 30, 50, and 75 nodes per plant. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared by the Tukey test with a 5% probability of error. The results of this study evidenced the importance of the interception of the photosynthetically active radiation in the nodes fertility, observing the reduction of the nodes fertility in situations of reduction of the interception of the photosynthetically active radiation, in this case, caused by the increase of the number of nodes, which resulted in a higher shoot number and branches, resulting in a denser canopy, and consequently reducing the interception of the photosynthetically active radiation that reaches the grape nodes, being this effect more pronounced in the buds located at the basal position of the branch.Devido a uma carência de informações técnico-cientificas sobre o efeito da carga de gemas em relação a interceptação da radiação solar, e o seu efeito na fertilidade de gemas, tem-se como objetivo desse trabalho avaliar o efeito do aumento da carga de gemas da videira ‘Cabernet Franc’ em relação a interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e o seu efeito na fertilidade de gemas em região de elevada altitude de Santa Catarina. Este experimento foi conduzido durante safra 2016/2017, em um vinhedo comercial, localizado no munícipio de São Joaquim. Utilizaram-se plantas de ‘Cabernet Franc’ enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro diferentes níveis de cargas de gemas: 15, 30, 50 e 75 gemas planta-1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e cinco plantas por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparados pelo Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os resultados desse estudo evidenciam a importância da interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa na fertilidade de gemas, observando-se redução da fertilidade de gemas em situações de redução da interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, nesse caso, causado pelo aumento da carga de gemas, que resulta em um maior número de ramos, proporcionando um dossel mais denso, reduzindo a interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa que alcança as gemas da videira, sendo esse efeito, mais pronunciado nas gemas localizada na posição basal do ramo

Women have better olfactory perception for wine aromas

The objective of this work was to verify the influence of the gender on the olfactory perception of aromas found in the wines, as well as to identify the aromatic groups most perceived by men and women. Twenty different aromas of different aromatic classes described in the wines were used: fruity, spices, wood, herbaceous, floral, buttery, defects. The different aromatic groups were packed in Erlenmeyer glasses wrapped with aluminum paper in order to avoid the visualization of the aromas by the participants. Fifty people, 25 men and 25 women, aged between 21 and 65 years, were ramdomly separated in groups of 10 people to participate of the evaluation. The influence of the gender on the ability to identify aromas was verified. Women matched 56.8% of the aromas, while men matched 44.6%. In relation to the aromatic class, a greater index of the feminine gender in all the aromatic classes was verified, being spices the group of aromas that women most perceived, with 80.6% of hits, followed by the floral aromas with 50% accuracy. For men, the aromatic class with the highest index of accuracy was also the spices, however, with a success rate of 58.4%, followed by the herbaceous group with 38.2% of correct answers. Both females and males obtained high scores for the group of wine defects (acetic acid and ethyl acetate), 85.2% and 81.0%, respectively, overcoming the other aromatic classes. Buttery aromas were the ones least recognized by women, with 30.8% of hits, whereas the least perceived aroma for men were the floral ones, with no hits observed in any group of participants. The results found in this study show that there are differences in olfactory perception between men and women, and this factor, in addition to the wine service temperature, wine glass type, olfactory memory, must also be considered in sensory analysis. Female gender has a greater ability to identify aromas in relation to the male gender, since women have a greater number of cells in the olfactory bulb, which is the brain region responsible for smell detection

Women have better olfactory perception for wine aromas

The objective of this work was to verify the influence of the gender on the olfactory perception of aromas found in the wines, as well as to identify the aromatic groups most perceived by men and women. Twenty different aromas of different aromatic classes described in the wines were used: fruity, spices, wood, herbaceous, floral, buttery, defects. The different aromatic groups were packed in Erlenmeyer glasses wrapped with aluminum paper in order to avoid the visualization of the aromas by the participants. Fifty people, 25 men and 25 women, aged between 21 and 65 years, were ramdomly separated in groups of 10 people to participate of the evaluation. The influence of the gender on the ability to identify aromas was verified. Women matched 56.8% of the aromas, while men matched 44.6%. In relation to the aromatic class, a greater index of the feminine gender in all the aromatic classes was verified, being spices the group of aromas that women most perceived, with 80.6% of hits, followed by the floral aromas with 50% accuracy. For men, the aromatic class with the highest index of accuracy was also the spices, however, with a success rate of 58.4%, followed by the herbaceous group with 38.2% of correct answers. Both females and males obtained high scores for the group of wine defects (acetic acid and ethyl acetate), 85.2% and 81.0%, respectively, overcoming the other aromatic classes. Buttery aromas were the ones least recognized by women, with 30.8% of hits, whereas the least perceived aroma for men were the floral ones, with no hits observed in any group of participants. The results found in this study show that there are differences in olfactory perception between men and women, and this factor, in addition to the wine service temperature, wine glass type, olfactory memory, must also be considered in sensory analysis. Female gender has a greater ability to identify aromas in relation to the male gender, since women have a greater number of cells in the olfactory bulb, which is the brain region responsible for smell detection

Brazilian sparkling wine: A successful trajectory

The objective of this study was to explore the evolution of internal and external commercialization of Brazilian sparkling wines during the period between 1986 and 2015, giving an overview of the current situation and its market trends, and highlighting the importance of Brazil in the world scenario for sparkling wines. This research is based on quantitative data sources provided by different institutions: International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), Brazilian Union of Viticulture (UVIBRA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) and Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). Brazil is a promising country for the sparkling wine market. From 1986–2015, there was an increase of 465.6% in the sales of sparkling wine in the Brazilian domestic market, especially the last ten, which accounted for an increase of 215.7%. In 1998, Brazilian sparkling wines accounted for 70.5% of sparkling wines sold in Brazil. Today, they represent 82.1%of national market, and proved to be one of the most prestigious products from Brazilian viticulture when compared, for example, to non-sparkling wines, which 79% are imported wines. Of the imported sparkling wines consumed in Brazil, six countries account for 98.5% of the market (France: 32.7%; Italy: 24.8% and Spain: 21.9%). The volume exportation of Brazilian sparkling wine has grown significantly in recent years (4,210.2%), with Paraguay, China, Uruguay, the United States, France and the United Kingdom being the major buyers. The evolution of exports shows that Brazilian sparkling wine becomes an alternative to those produced in traditional countries, such as France, Italy and Spain, due to their quality and price. There is an increase in the commercialization of sparkling wines in the Brazilian domestic market, in addition to the growing participation of Brazil in the volume of exports in the world market, placing Brazil in a leading position in the production and sale of sparkling wines

New wine-growing regions of Brazil and their importance in the evolution of Brazilian wine

The objective of this work is to characterize the new Brazilian wine regions, describing their edaphoclimatic and productive characteristics, wine types, and their importance in the evolution of Brazilian wine industry. The Campanha Gaúcha is characterized by flat lands, presents a high number of hours of light, and dry summers, guaranteeing a complete maturation of the grapes. Including the locations The Southeastern Region of Rio Grande do Sul presents pronounced ripples, located in altitudes between 400 and 600 m, presenting dry and sunny summers with cold nights, stony soil; Merlot and Cabernet Franc are the outstanding varieties. In the northern plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, at 1000 m a.s.l., the region of Campos de Cima da Serra has a characteristic high solar incidence, and due to the low nocturnal temperatures. The Altitude Region of Santa Catarina State presents similar characteristics to those found in the Campos de Cima da Serra, with vineyards located between 900 and 1400 m, the slow maturation promotes the preservation of acidity and high levels of aromatic compounds, which confer freshness and typical white wines, respectively, especially those made from the Sauvignon Blanc. Located at medium elevations of 900 to 1100 m, the region of Greater Curitiba with hot days and mild nights, stands out for the production of varieties of short to medium cycle, because it presents humid summers favoring the occurrence of diseases fungal infections. The South of Minas Gerais State presents mean altitudes of 800 and 1000 m, in which the technique of double pruning was adopted, leading the grapes maturation to occur during the winter, when a dry season with mild temperatures is found, making it an ideal place to produce high quality Syrah wines. In São Paulo State, altitudes between 1,000 and 1,300 m a.s.l. are found, where cool nights and excellent sunshine during the day provide thermal amplitude of 10°C at the time of harvest. Add to this a dry, well-drained and granitic soil, especially for growing Syrah and Viogner. The São Francisco River Valley presents flat lands, at an altitude of 400 meters. Located outside the suitable range for growing grapes, this semi-arid region presents low rainfall (less than 500 mm a year) and strong insolation. Its permeable clay soils have proven to be suitable for the acclimatization of grapevines such as Moscatel, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah