287 research outputs found
On the QED Effective Action in Time Dependent Electric Backgrounds
We apply the resolvent technique to the computation of the QED effective
action in time dependent electric field backgrounds. The effective action has
both real and imaginary parts, and the imaginary part is related to the pair
production probability in such a background. The resolvent technique has been
applied previously to spatially inhomogeneous magnetic backgrounds, for which
the effective action is real. We explain how dispersion relations connect these
two cases, the magnetic case which is essentially perturbative in nature, and
the electric case where the imaginary part is nonperturbative. Finally, we use
a uniform semiclassical approximation to find an expression for very general
time dependence for the background field. This expression is remarkably similar
in form to Schwinger's classic result for the constant electric background.Comment: 27 pages, no figures; reference adde
Biologics and Targeted Synthetic Drugs Can Induce Immune-Mediated Glomerular Disorders in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: An Updated Systematic Literature Review
Objective: Our objective was to update the understanding of the development of paradoxical immune-mediated glomerular disorders (IGDs) in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with biologics and targeted synthetic drugs (ts-drugs). Methods: A systematic literature review was performed by searching PubMed for articles published between 1 January 2014 and 1 January 2020 reporting on the development of IGD in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were receiving biologics or ts-drugs. IGDs were classified on the basis of clinical, laboratory and histopathological data as (1) glomerulonephritis associated with systemic vasculitis (GNSV), (2) isolated autoimmune renal disorder (IARD) or (3) glomerulonephritis in SLE and in lupus-like syndrome (GNLS). The World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system for standardized case causality assessment was applied to evaluate the causal relationship between IGD and specific drugs. The classification was based on a six-category scale, where the âcertainâ and âprobableâ categories were deemed clinically relevant relationships. Results: The literature search retrieved 875 articles. Of these, 16 articles reported IGD data, for a total of 25 cases. According to the WHO-UMC assessment, the strength of the causal relationship between IGDs and investigated drugs was higher for anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents (a clinically relevant relationship was found in four of six cases), abatacept (one of two cases), tocilizumab (two cases), ustekinumab (one case) and tofacitinib (one case) than for rituximab (nine cases), belimumab (three cases) or secukinumab (one case), which showed a weak causal relationship with these paradoxical events. No cases associated with apremilast or baricitinib were found. The retrieved cases were classified as 11 GNLS, seven IARD and seven GNSV. Conclusions: Biologics and ts-drugs can cause IGDs. These events are rare, and the causative effect of a specific drug is hard to establish. When a patient is suspected of having an IGD, the drug should be discontinued, and treatment for the new-onset renal disorder should be promptly started
Prokaryotic Diversity of the Composting Thermophilic Phase: The Case of Ground Coffee Compost
Waste biomass coming from a local coffee company, which supplied burnt ground coffee
after an incorrect roasting process, was employed as a starting material in the composting
plant of the Experimental Station of the University of Naples Federico II at Castel Volturno (CE).
The direct molecular characterization of compost using 13C-NMR spectra, which was acquired
through cross-polarization magic-angle spinning, showed a hydrophobicity index of 2.7% and an
alkyl/hydroxyalkyl index of 0.7%. Compost samples that were collected during the early âactive
thermophilic phaseâ (when the composting temperature was 63 C) were analyzed for the prokaryotic
community composition and activities. Two complementary approaches, i.e., genomic and
predictive metabolic analysis of the 16S rRNA V3âV4 amplicon and culture-dependent analysis,
were combined to identify the main microbial factors that characterized the composting process. The
whole microbial community was dominated by Firmicutes. The predictive analysis of the metabolic
functionality of the community highlighted the potential degradation of peptidoglycan and the ability
of metal chelation, with both functions being extremely useful for the revitalization and fertilization
of agricultural soils. Finally, three biotechnologically relevant Firmicutes members, i.e., Geobacillus
thermodenitrificans subsp. calidus, Aeribacillus pallidus, and Ureibacillus terrenus (strains CAF1, CAF2,
and CAF5, respectively) were isolated from the âactive thermophilic phaseâ of the coffee composting.
All strains were thermophiles growing at the optimal temperature of 60 C. Our findings contribute
to the current knowledge on thermophilic composting microbiology and valorize burnt ground coffee
as waste material with biotechnological potentialities
Molecular profiling of clinical remission in psoriatic arthritis reveals dysregulation of FOS and CCDC50 genes: a gene expression study
Gene expression profiling of monozygotic twins affected by psoriatic arthritis
Introduction: Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is a multifactorial disease, where the relative burden of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in clinical course and damage accrual is not yet definitively clarified. In clinical practice, there is a real need for useful candidate biomarkers in PsA diagnosis and disease progression, by exploring its underlying transcrip-tomic and epigenomic mechanisms. This work aims to profile the transcriptome in mono-zygotic (MZ) twins with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) highly concordant for clinical presentation, but discordant for the radiographic outcomesâ severity. Methods: We describe i) the clinical case of two MZ twins; ii) their comparative gene expression profiling (HTA 2.0 Affymetrix) and iii) signal pathways and pathophysiological processes in which differentially expressed genes are involved (in silico analysis by the IPA software, QIAGEN). Results: One hundred sixty-three transcripts and 36 coding genes (28 up and 8 down) were differentially expressed between twins, and in the brother with the most erosive form, the transcriptomic profiling highlights the overexpression of genes known to be involved in immunomodulatory processes and on a broad spectrum of PsA manifestations. Discussion: Twinsâ clinical cases are still a gold mine in medical research: twin brothers are ideal experimental models in estimating the relative importance of genetic versus nongenetic components as determinants of complex phenotypes, non-Mendelian and multifactorial diseases as PsA
Dynamical symmetry breaking in the Nambu-Jona-Lasino model with external gravitational and constant electric fields
An investigation of the Nambu-Jona-Lasino model with external constant
electric and weak gravitational fields is carried out in three- and four-
dimensional spacetimes. The effective potential of the composite bifermionic
fields is calculated keeping terms linear in the curvature, while the electric
field effect is treated exactly by means of the proper- time formalism.
A rich dynamical symmetry breaking pattern, accompanied by phase transitions
which are ruled, independently, by both the curvature and the electric field
strength is found. Numerical simulations of the transitions are presented.Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX, 6 .ps-figures, Final version published in "Classical
and Quantum Gravity
Borel Summation of the Derivative Expansion and Effective Actions
We give an explicit demonstration that the derivative expansion of the QED
effective action is a divergent but Borel summable asymptotic series, for a
particular inhomogeneous background magnetic field. A duality transformation
B\to iE gives a non-Borel-summable perturbative series for a time dependent
background electric field, and Borel dispersion relations yield the
non-perturbative imaginary part of the effective action, which determines the
pair production probability. Resummations of leading Borel approximations
exponentiate to give perturbative corrections to the exponents in the
non-perturbative pair production rates. Comparison with a WKB analysis suggests
that these divergence properties are general features of derivative expansions
and effective actions.Comment: 18 pp, Revtex, 2 fig
Chiral symmetry breaking in d=3 NJL model in external gravitational and magnetic fields
The phase structure of Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in curved spacetime
with magnetic field is investigated in the leading order of the -expansion
and in linear curvature approximation (an external magnetic field is treated
exactly). The possibility of the chiral symmetry breaking under the combined
action of the external gravitational and magnetic fields is shown explicitly.
At some circumstances the chiral symmetry may be restored due to the
compensation of the magnetic field by the gravitational field.Comment: 7 pages, LaTe
Exact Primordial Black Strings in Four Dimensions
A solution of effective string theory in four dimensions is presented which
admits interpretation of a rotating black cosmic string. It is constructed by
tensoring the three dimensional black hole, extended with the Kalb-Ramond
axion, with a flat direction. The physical interpretation of the solution is
discussed, with special attention on the axion, which is found to play a role
very similar to a Higgs field. Finally, it is pointed out that the solution
represents an exact WZWN model on the string world sheet, to all
orders in the inverse string tension .Comment: 11 pages plain TeX, Univ. of Alberta preprint Alberta-THY-14-199
Exact solutions of Einstein and Einstein-scalar equations in 2 + 1 dimensions
A nonstatic and circularly symmetric exact solution of the Einstein equations
(with a cosmological constant and null fluid) in dimensions is
given. This is a nonstatic generalization of the uncharged spinless BTZ metric.
For , the spacetime is though not flat, the Kretschmann invariant
vanishes. The energy, momentum, and power output for this metric are obtained.
Further a static and circularly symmetric exact solution of the
Einstein-massless scalar equations is given, which has a curvature singularity
at and the scalar field diverges at as well as at infinity .Comment: 8 pages, Latex, no numbe
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