Propuesta metodológica para medir el índice de conflictividad de un territorio, un análisis de los riesgos sociales para proyectos de inversión / Methodological approach to measure the rate of conflict in a territory, an analysis of social risk for...

Debido a que actualmente la dimensión social reviste una gran importancia para la implementación de proyectos de inversión en el país, este artículo propone una metodología para obtener el coeficiente de conflictividad de un territorio. Idea que surge como resultado de una sistematización de hallazgos en proyectos de inversión en los rubros sanitario, minero, y energético. A través del estudio de los elementos causales de un conflicto socioambiental, se plantea conocer previamente en qué medida las expresiones de desaprobación de las comunidades pueden expresarse –o no– en un contexto territorial dado, con el fin de diagnosticar su potencial de conflictividad. Lo anterior nos invita a responder la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo pueden influenciar las características geográficas, demográficas, sociales, culturales, económicas, políticas, históricas, o cualquier otra del territorio el surgimiento de este tipo de conflicto? La premisa es que se puede identificar, a través de variables e indicadores, el potencial de conflictividad que reviste un proyecto de inversión en el territorio donde se proyecta su instalación, permitiendo identificar previamente nudos de conflicto, y la toma de decisiones temprana acerca del proyecto en términos de su diseño y viabilidad.   Due to the relevance that social dimension plays in the implementation of investment projects in the country this article proposes a methodology to obtain the coefficient of conflict of territory. The Idea emerges as a result of a systematization of findings in projects developed within sanitary, mining, and energy industry. Through the analysis of the causal elements of a socio-environmental conflict, the submitted idea considers to know in advance to what extent the expressions of disapproval can manifest – or not- in a given territorial context in order to diagnose its conflict potential. The above invites us to answer the following research question: How can geographic, demographic, social, cultural, economic, political, historical, or any other feature, influence the emergence of this kind of conflict in a territory? The premise is that, through variables and indicators, the potential for conflict that an investment project can imply for a geographical area can be known beforehand, allowing early decisions making regarding design and feasibility

Sodium transport inhibition by selective mitochondrial inhibitors in the urinary bladder of the toad

The effects of selective mitochondrial inhibitors on the short‐circuit current and oxygen consumption displayed by the isolated urinary bladder of the toad was studied. Three types of compounds were used: (a) electron transfer inhibitors, Amytal, Cyanide and Antimycin A; (b) energy transfer inhibitors Guanidine, Oligomycin and Rutamycin; and (c) uncoupling agents, Carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone and 2–4 dinitrophenol. The kinetics of inhibition of oxygen consumption indicated that the inhibitors tested were effectively reaching the mitochondria of the bladder cells. Different kinetics of inhibition of short‐circuit current were obtained with the various inhibitors tested. Uncouplers and electron transfer inhibitors rapidly blocked the short‐circuit current; energy transfer inhibitors only produced a slow and partial inhibition. A site of energy‐coupling, tentatively identified with the intermediate formed in the energy transfer reactions closest to the electron transfer chain

The molecular organization of nerve membranes. II. Glycolytic enzymes and ATP synthesis by plasma membranes of squid retinal axons

The following glycolytic enzyme activities were demonstrated in membrane fractions isolated from squid retinal nerve: phosphoglyceric kinase, pyruvic kinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and hexokinase. After two additional washings with a hypotonic solution, only two of them, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvic kinase, were solubilized. The incubation of these membranes with ADP or GDP and Pi resulted in the incorporation of Pi into the diphosphate. The reaction product was identified as ATP or GTP. No esterification was obtained with CDP or UDP as Pi acceptor. The enzyme system responsible for the synthesis of the nucleotide triphosphate was demonstrated to be membrane bound, and not due to soluble or mitochondrial contamination of the membrane fraction. The possible role of this system is discussed. © 1971

Stimulation of membrane serine-threonine phosphatase in erythrocytes by hydrogen peroxide and staurosporine

Indirect evidence has suggested that K-Cl cotransport in human and sheep erythrocytes is activated physiologically by a serine-threonine phosphatase. It is activated experimentally by H2O2 and by staurosporine, a kinase inhibitor. Activation by H2O2 and staurosporine is inhibited by serine- threonine phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting that the activators stimulate the phosphatase. The present study shows that sheep and human erythrocytes contain membrane-associated as well as cytosolic serine-threonine phosphatases, assayed from the dephosphorylation of 32P-labeled glycogen phosphorylase. In cells from both species, the relatively low sensitivity of the membrane enzyme to okadaic acid suggests it is type 1 protein phosphatase. The cytosolic phosphatase was much more sensitive to okadaic acid. Membrane-associated phosphatase was stimulated by both H2O2 and staurosporine. The results support earlier conclusions that the membrane- associated type 1 phosphatase identified here is regulate

Effects of PKCα activation on Ca2+ pump and K(Ca) channel in deoxygenated sickle cells

We have previously shown that a pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), reduced deoxygenation-induced K+ loss and Ca2+ uptake and prevented call dehydration in sickle anemia red blood cells (SS cells) (H. Fathallah, E. Coezy, R.-S. De Neef, M.-D. Hardy-Dessources, and F. Giraud. Blood 86: 1999- 2007, 1995). The present study explores the detailed mechanism of this PMA- induced inhibition. The main findings are, first, the detection of PKCα PKCζ in normal red blood cells and the demonstration that both isoforms are expressed at higher levels in SS cells. The α-isoform only is translocated to the membrane and activated by PMA and by elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. Second, PMA is demonstrated to activate Ca2+ efflux in deoxygenated SS cells by a direct stimulation of the Ca2+ pump. PMA, moreover, inhibits deoxygenation-induced, charybdotoxin-sensitive K+ efflux in SS cells. This inhibition is partly indirect and explained by the reduc