Pairwise correlation among genetic scores.

<p>* M, maternal genotype score (M1 + M2); M1 (C1), maternal transmitted haplotype score; M2, maternal nontransmitted haplotype score; C, fetal genotype score (C1 + C2); C2, paternal transmitted haplotype score.</p><p>Pairwise correlation among genetic scores.</p

Description of study cohorts.

<p>* Preterm birth was defined as gestational age less than 37 wk; term birth was defined as gestational age larger than 38 wk in this study.</p><p>Description of study cohorts.</p

The estimated effect (in mothers) of the height-associated SNPs on gestational age was correlated with reported effect size on adult height.

<p>The estimated effect (in mothers) of the height-associated SNPs on gestational age was correlated with reported effect size on adult height.</p

Maternal transmission of alleles and haplotype scores.

<p>We inferred maternal transmission of alleles (M1 → C1) and constructed haplotype scores: M1 and C1, maternal transmitted haplotype score; M2, maternal nontransmitted haplotype score; and C2, paternal transmitted haplotype score.</p

Association between haplotype genetic scores and pregnancy outcomes.

<p>* M1 (C1), maternal transmitted haplotype score; M2, maternal nontransmitted haplotype score; C2, paternal transmitted haplotype score.</p><p>Association between haplotype genetic scores and pregnancy outcomes.</p

Schematic representation of various causal mechanisms that can lead to the observational associations between maternal height and pregnancy outcomes.

<p>(A) Direct causal effect of maternal height on pregnancy outcomes. (B) Associations of social and nutritional confounders that have impacts on both maternal height and pregnancy outcomes. (C) Fetal genetics that directly influences pregnancy outcomes.</p

Association between maternal height genetic score and maternal height.

<p>Association between maternal height genetic score and maternal height.</p