Effects of Sour Yogurt as an Alternative Additive in Second Crop Corn Silage

In this study, we evaluated the influence of sour yogurt as a natural microbial inoculant in second-crop corn silages. For this purpose, two trials with different dilution rates were conducted. In Trial I, the groups 10 g sour yogurt + 5 g distilled water (SY10-2), 20 g sour yogurt + 10 g distilled water (SY20-2), 30 g sour yogurt + 15 g distilled water (SY30-2), 40 g sour yogurt + 20 g distilled water (SY40-2), 50 g sour yogurt + 25 g distilled water (SY50-2) and no additives were added to the control (CON) group. The groups in Trial II, 10 g sour yogurt + 10 g distilled water (SY10-1), 20 g sour yogurt + 20 g distilled water (SY20-1), 30 g sour yogurt + 30 g distilled water (SY30-1), 40 g sour yogurt + 40 g distilled water (SY40-1), 50 g sour yogurt + 50 g distilled water (SY50-1) and 10 g of distilled water were added to the control (WCON) group. For the silages opened on the 90th day of ensiling, the highest lactic acid content was determined in the SY20-2 and SY20-1 groups (p < 0.05). The lowest amount of ammonia nitrogen was in the SY30-2 group (p < 0.05). In the aerobic period, the SY10-2 and SY20-2 groups remained more stable than the others. As a result, the SY20-2, SY30-2, SY20-1, and SY30-1 groups improved the fermentation quality of corn silages, but the effect on aerobic stability was not significant and was similarly found with the homofermentative bacterial inoculants

Effect of Ginger Essential Oil on in Vitro Gas Production, Rumen Fermentation and Methane Production

In this study, control (0), 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 mg L-1 ginger essential oil (GEO) (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was added to rumen liquid (RL). Then, the effects of the GEO added to the RL In vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolisable energy (ME), rumen fermentation parameters and methane (CH4) production were examined on these samples. It was determined that the addition of the GEO to RL decreased the in vitro gas production of Trifolium pratense hay (TPH), the OMD and ME contents, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA) and other volatile fatty acids (OVFA) (P&lt;0.05). Moreover, it was determined that while the productions of carbon dioxide (CO2), CH4 and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) decreased, the ratios of the rumen pH and AA/PA increased (P&lt;0.05) depending on the increase in the dose of GEO. In conclusion, it was determined that the GEO dose which had the highest negative effect on the in vitro gas production, the rumen fermentation, the nutrient digestibility, the CH4 and the CO2 production was 1000 mg L-1. It was concluded that since high doses of GEO affect rumen fermentation and digestion of feeds negatively, it would be appropriate to use 200 mg L-1

Possibilities of using urea fortified feed grains at lamb fattening

Bu araştırma üre ile desteklenen tahıl dane yemlerinin kuzu besisinde kullanılma olanaklarını belirlemek amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Denemenin hayvan materyalini 12-14 haftalık yaşta sütten kesilmiş ve her grupta 12 baş kuzu bulunan toplam 48 baş Kıvırcık kuzu oluşturmuştur. Besi denemesinde bir haftalık yeme alıştırma döneminden sonra grup yemlemesi uygulanmış olup kuzular sırasıyla; % 0.0, %1.0, %1.5 ve %2.0 üre içeren yoğun yem karması ile ad-libitum düzeyde yenilenmişlerdir. Üre Deneme rasyonlarının içerdikleri arpaya suda eritildikten sonra eriyik içerisine arpa katılarak emdirilmiştir. Deneme gruplarının (1., 2., 3. ve 4. grup) besi başı canlı ağırlıkları sırasıyla; 30.04±1.13, 30.04±1.42, 30.08 ±1.30 ve 30.08 ±1.05 kg olup gruplar arasındaki farklılık istatistik önemsiz bulunmuştur. Kuzuların 42 günlük besi sonu ortalama canlı ağırlıkları ise sırasıyla; 43.88 ±1.44, 43.96 1 1.48, 43.54 ı 1.44 ve 42.67± 1.27 kg olarak saptanmıştır. Besi süresince deneme gruplarının toplam canlı ağırlık artışı, günlük ortalama canlı ağırlık artışı, günlük ortalama yoğun yem tüketimi ve 1 kg canlı ağırlık artışı için yoğun yem tüketimleri sırasıyla; 13.83 ±0.65, 13.92 ±0.47, 13.46±0.50 12.58±0.44 kg.; 329.37 ± 15.53, 331.31 1 11.08, 320.43± 11.95, 299.60± 10.55 g.; 1.416, 1.359, 1.322, 1.268 kg.; 4.301, 4.121, 4.130 ve 4.232 kg olarak bulunmuştur. Besi başı, besi ortası (21. gün) ve besi sonunda alınan rumen sıvısı örneklerinde pH, amonyak azotu (NH3N) ve toplam uçucu yağ asitleri (TUYA) düzeyi saptanmış ve rasyona üre ilavesinin rumen pH'sı üzerine etkisinin önemli olmadığı saptanmıştır. Rumen amonyak azotu ve toplam uçucu yağ asitleri rasyonda üre kullanım düzeyine paralel artış göstermiş ve en yüksek değer % 2.0 üreli rasyonla beslenen 4. grupta gerçekleşmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki farklılıklar istatistiki önemli bulunmuştur (p Araştırmanın yem materyalini oluşturan ayçiçeği tohumu küspesi, buğday kepeği, üre içermeyen arpa, % 1.30 üre içeren arpa, % 1.80 üre içeren arpa ve % 2.21 üre içeren arpanın rumende kuru madde parçalanabilirlikleri naylon torba yöntemiyle saptanmış ve farklı rumen koşullarının kuru madde parçalanabildiği üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Farklı rumen koşullarının kuru madde parçalanabilirliği üzerine etkisi olmadığı saptanmıştır. Rasyonlarda üre kullanım düzeyindeki artışa bağlı olarak kuru madde parçalanabilirliğinde az da olsa düşme gözlenmiştir. Rumende kuru madde parçalanabilirlik parametrelerinden a, b, a+b, c, RSD, yıkanma kaybı değerleri saptanmış ve farklı rumen koşullarının bu parametreler üzerine etkisinin önemli olmadığı saptanmıştır.The research was conducted to determine possibilities of using urea fortified grains fattening. The animal material of the research was 12-14 weeks old weaned male Kıvırcık lambs and the lambs were alloted to four groups each consisted of 12 lambs. The lambs were fed ad - libitum concentrate feed mixtures including %0.0, %1.0, %1.5 and %2.0 urea respectively. Whole barley ingredient of experimental rations including urea dipped in urea solutions for 24 hours in order to ensure dissolved urea by barley grains. Average initial liveweight of the experimental groups (1., 2., 3. and 4. groups) were 30.04±1.13, 30.04+1.42, 30.08.1 1.30 and 30.03±1.05 kg respectively and the differences between the groups were insignificant. Average final weights of the fattening lambs were determined as 43.88 1 1.44, 43.96± 1.48, 43.54± 1.44 and 42.67± 1.27 kg Total liveweight gain, average daily liveweight gain, average daily feed consumption and concentrate feed consumption for 1 kg of liveweight gain of the groups at fattening perfod were determined as 13.83 ±0.65, 13.92 ±0.47, 13.46. i 0.50, 12.53 i 0.44 kg.; 329.37± 15.53, 331.31 ± 11.08, 320.43± 11.95, 299.60 ı 10.55 g.; 1.41 G, 1.359, 1.322, 1.268 kg.; 4.301, 4.121, 4.130 and 4.232 kg. pH, amonia- nitrojen and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) levels at rumen liquid samples of fattening lambs collected at the beginning, mid and end of fattening were determined. Effects of ration urea levels on rumen liquid pH was insignificant however amonia - nitrogen and VFA levels were increased in accordance with urea level of the rations. The highest values were obtained at the group fed ration including %2.0 urea and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (p<0.01). Rumen degradabilities of sunflower meal, wheat bran, whole barley, % 1.30, %1,80 and % 2.21 urea absorbed whole barley respectively, which were ingredients of the experimental rations were determined by nylon bag method and effects of different ruminal conditions on periodical drymatter degradabilities of these feed materials were investigated, it has been determined that effects of different ruminal conditions and periodical drymatter degradabilities were insignificant, however there was a slight decrease at drymatter degradability in relation with increase at urea levels of the rations. Degradability parameters such as a, b, a+b, c values of the feed materials were estimated. It has been determined that effects of different ruminal conditions on these parameters were insignificant

Effects of choice feeding on fattening performance, carcass characteristics some rumen fluid and blood parameters of lambs

Bu araştırma seçmeli yemlemenin Karacabey Merinosu kuzularda yem tüketimi, yemtercih oranı, besi performansı, karkas özellikleri ile bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametreleriüzerine olan etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca deneme rasyonlarınınbesleme değeri in vitro gaz üretim tekniği ile test edilmiştir.Bu amaçla 1. denemede 48 baş Karacabey Merinosu erkek kuzu ile yem seçim (tercih)denemesi yürütülmüştür. Yem seçim denemesinde kuzular düşük enerji-düşük protein (DE-DP:2350 kcal/kg KM/%10.80 HP/KM) ve normal enerji-normal proteinli (NE-NP: 2600 kcal/kgKM/%14.97 HP/KM) içeren rasyonlara, kekik yağı (KY: 0, 5 g/kg KM) ilavesi ile hazırlanan(DE-DPxKY'sız, DE-DPxKY'lı, NE-NPxKY'sız ve NE-NPxKY'lı) 4 farklı deneme rasyonu ileyemlenmişlerdir. Ayrıca deneme hayvanlarına 0, 6, 12 ve 18 g/baş/gün üre 300 ml su içerisindeçözülerek, günde eşit iki öğünde (saat 1000 ve 1400'de) ağız yoluyla verilmiştir. Yem tercihdenemesi ile yem tercih oranlarının saptanması her biri 8 günden oluşan 3 deneme dönemindetoplam 24 gün sürmüştür. Yem tercih denemesi sonucunda rasyonlarının besin maddeleriiçeriğinin artması (NE-NP) ve kuzulara 12-18 g/baş/gün üre verilmesinin kuzuların canlı ağırlığıile günlük ortalama canlı ağırlık artışını olumlu etkilediği saptanmıştır (P0.05; P>0.01). Rasyonların besin maddeleri içeriğininartmasının (NE-NP) yanı sıra üre ilavesi kuzuların günlük ortalama yem tüketimini olumsuzetkilemiştir (P0.05; P>0.01). Yem tercih oranı ise enyüksek üre içermeyen rasyonlarla beslenen grupta saptanırken, üre (6, 12 ve 18 g/baş/gün)ilavesi tüm dönemlerde yem tercih oranını düşürmüş ve dönemler arasındaki farklılıklar iseistatistiki önemli bulunmuştur (P0.05; P>0.01). Rasyonların yanı sıra hayvanlara üre verilmesi canlı ağırlık artışı, yemtüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı, karkas özellikleri, rumen sıvısı ve kan parametreleriniönemli düzeyde etkilemiştir (P0.05). The increase in the energy content and urea supplementation had anegative effect on the daily feed conversion rate (P0.05). Feed preferenceratio was decreased with increasing urea levels in supplementation. The feed preference ratio forlambs did not consumed urea was significantly higher than those for lambs which consumedurea (6, 12 and 18 g/day) (P<0.01).The second experiment lasts 56 days. In the second experiment same 48 lambs wereused to determine fattening performance at the 14 days intervals. At the beginning, middle andend of experiment rumen fluid and blood samples were taken for subsequent analysis. Inaddition, all animals used in the experiment were slaughtered to determine carcasscharacteristics. The same experimental diets which were used in the first experiment were givento lambs in the second experiment to determine the feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcasscharacteristics, rumen fluid and blood parameters. The increase in nutrients (energy and protein)improved the daily live weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, carcass characteristics,rumen fluid and blood parameters (P<0.05, P<0.01). Oregano oil supplementation had nosignificant effect on carcass characteristics, rumen fluid and blood parameters (P<0.05, P<0.01).Urea supplementation to lambs had significant effect on the same parameters mentioned above(P<0.05, P<0.01). Urea supplementation significantly increased the ammonia (NH3-N) contentof rumen fluid, ammonia, urea-N and total protein contents of blood (P<0.01). Although ureasupplementation slightly decreased feed intake urea supplementation improved the feedconversion ratio, growth and carcass performance (P<0.05, P<0.01). According to fatteningperformance trial, 12 g/day urea supplementation was found to be the best dose for both diets.In the third experiment, the rations which were used in the first and second experimentwere evaluated to determine the gas production, organic matter digestibility and microbialprotein production using in vitro gas production technique. The increase in the nutrientsimproved the parameters mentioned above. However Oregano oil supplementation had no effecton the same parameters. On the other hand, urea supplementation to diets (Low energy/lowprotein and Normal energy-Normal protein) improved the gas production, organic matterdigestibility and microbial protein production (P<0.05, P<0.01). According to in vitro gasproduction results, urea supplementation (12 g/lamb/day) was to be found the most effectivedose

Farklı Sarımsak Yağı Dozlarının İn Vitro Gaz Üretimi, Rumen Fermantasyonu ve Metan Üretimi Üzerine Etkisi

This study was conducted to determined, effects of addition of garlic oil (GO) 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 mg/L rumen fluid (RF) by in vitro gas production technique, on the true organic matter digestibility (TOMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), metabolizable energy (ME) compound and rumen fermentation parameters, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) gas production of the sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L.) hay. In vitro gas production technique was used to determine the effects of different doses of GO on rumen fermentation, OMD and metabolic energy (ME) level. GKMS and NDFS contents of sainfoin hay were determined by Daisy incubator technique. The addition of GO significantly decreased the in vitro gas production, OMD, NDFD, ME, total volatile fatty acids content (VFA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA) and the other volatile fatty acids levels of sainfoin hay (P<0.01). In addition, the addition of GO at different doses to the rumen fluid also reduced the production of CH4 and CO2 production (P <0.01). As a result, in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, methane and carbon dioxide production on the most adverse effect garlic oil dose was found to be 1600 mg / L RF. It was concluded that it would be appropriate to use low doses (400 mg / L RF) because of the high GO doses that affect rumen fermentation and the digestion of feed

Bazı Baklagil Kaba Yemlerinin in Vitro Gaz Üretimi, Organik Madde Sindirimi, Nispi Yem Değeri ve Metabolik Enerji İçeriklerinin Karşılaştırılması

Bu çalışmada, adi yonca, düğmeli yonca, tüylü yonca, hint yoncası, sarı taş yoncası, ak taş yoncası, korunga, tüylü fiğ ve gazal boynuzu gibi bazı baklagil kuru otlarının kimyasal bileşimleri, in vitro gaz üretimleri, metabolik enerji ME , organik madde sindirimi OMS ve nispi yem değerleri NYD karşılaştırılmıştır. Gaz ölçümleri 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat aralıklarla yapılmış ve gaz değerleri y=a+b 1-e-ct eşitliği kullanılarak saptanmıştır. Baklagil kuru otlarının kimyasal bileşimleri arasında önemli farklılıklar saptanmıştır

Feed value of dried and ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves and their relationship to rumen fermentation, in vitro digestibility, and gas production characteristics

The study aimed to evaluate the potential use of dried or ensiled paulownia (Paulownia spp.) leaves as roughage source for ruminants. Paulownia tree leaves were collected from one-year-old hybrid (C-125, CAR, and TF-33 clones) trees. Dried paulownia leaves of the clones were different in dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NfE) and similar in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL); however, these values (except EE and ADL) of ensiled leaves were significantly different among the clones. Mean CP, CA, and condensed tannin contents in dried leaves were 15.36, 9.21, and 1.75%, respectively; NDF, ADF, and ADL contents were 38.35, 35.49, and 12.08%, respectively. Mean total volatile fatty acids, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) value in dried leaves were 95.26 mmol/L, 76.34%, and 10.77 MJ/kg, respectively, whereas, CO2 and CH4 production were 54.66 and 29.78 mmol/L, respectively. Buffering capacity and water-soluble carbohydrates varied among the pre-ensiled paulownia leaves, although their means were 395.66 mEq/kg DM and 86.63 g/kg DM, respectively. In ensiled leaves, the pH, lactic acid ratio, and acetic acid ratio were 4.98, 11.23, and 2.56%, respectively, and butyric acid was not detected in any of the silages. Mean values of IVOMD and ME in ensiled leaves were 72.30% and 9.93 MJ/kg, respectively. Dried paulownia leaves are a high-quality alternative forage and the ensiled form is of medium quality. Therefore, paulownia leaves could be used as an alternative roughage source for ruminant

Effect of garlic oil on lamb fattening performance, rumen fermentation and blood parameters

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of garlic essential oil (GEO) on performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters of Kivircik lambs. Forty-eight 2.5-3 month old Kivircik male lambs were allocated into four treatment groups. Diets were supplemented with GEO at the 0.0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg DM. The growth trial lasted for 63 days. The supplementation of GEO significantly decreased the total weight gain (TWG) and average daily weight gain (ADWG), whereas it has no effect on the final body weight (FBW) daily feed intake (DFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The supplementation of GEO to the lamb diets had also a significant impact on rumen fermentation and blood parameters. The addition of GEO to the lamb diets increased non-esterified fatty acid production while supplementation significantly reduced the levels of glucose, urea, protein, triglyceride, insulin and cholesterol. It can be said that the decrease of glucose, urea, triglyceride, insulin and cholesterol is important in terms of animal health when the blood parameters are taken into consideration. As conclusion, GEO supplementation up to 0.8 g/kg DM can be recommended for growing lambs to manipulate rumen and blood parameters without compromising important growth parameters

Effects of oregano essential oil and capsicum extract on fattening, serum constituents, and rumen fermentation of lambs

This study investigated dietary supplementation of weaned lambs with Origanum vulgare essential oil and Capsicum oleoresin (chilli pepper) extract. Thirty-six eight-week-old male and female Menemen lambs were used in this study. Three dietary treatment groups consisted of T1, an unsupplemented control group; T2, a group supplemented with 300 mg/kg oregano essential oil, and T3, a group supplemented with 300 mg/kg Capsicum oleoresin. Feed and fresh water were available to the lambs ad libitum during the 56-day experiment. No significant effects of treatment were detected on growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion. In addition, serum urea, creatine, total protein, albumin, amylase, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels did not differ among treatments on day 56 of the study. When oregano oil and capsicum extract were added to the feed, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate (AA), propionate (PA), butyrate (BA), isobutyrate (IBA), valerate (VA), and AA to PA ratio in the rumen were decreased significantly in comparison with the control group at two hours after feeding, with the effect of T2 being greater than that of T3. Female lambs had lower levels of TVFA than male lambs. Thus, although neither additive affected fattening performance and serum constituents of the lambs, both altered the rumen fatty acid profile.Ege Üniversitesi - 2016-ZRF-07

The Effect of Covering Corn Silage with Tomato or Apple Pomace on Fermentation Parameters and Feed Quality

The current study assessed the effects of covering corn silage with tomato or apple pomace on fermentability and feed quality. The in vitro gas production test was performed using graded 100 mL syringes. Incubation times were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. In vitro gas generation characteristics were significantly altered by TP (tomato pomace) and AP (apple pomace), both alone and in conjunction with PE (polyethylene) films, regardless of their presence. As a result of the effects found on NH3-N concentration, aerobic stability, and yeast activity, TP and AP have the potential to become an eco-friendly alternative to PE films. The gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (a) of corn silage was only affected when the corn silage was covered with a combination of AP and PE compared to the CPE group (p r = 0.90), DOM-AA (r = 0.88), and Ash-TDDM (r = 0.86) correlations. The most substantial negative correlations were identified between DM-CO2 (r = −82), DM-Yeast (r = −0.79), and CF-DOM (r = −0.79). Nonetheless, the use of pomace as a silage cover presents an inexpensive alternative to plastic films for silage that does not have the environmental problems associated with persistent micro- and nanoplastics