Analysis of the tautomeric equilibrium of two red monoazo dyes by UV–Visible, Raman and SERS spectroscopies

Acid Red 26 and Acid Red 18 are two early synthetic dyes belonging to the monazo dye class. The molecular structure of this class of dyes is characterized by the chromophoric azo group (N[dbnd]N) generally attached to benzene or naphthalene derivatives containing electron withdrawing and/or donating groups as substituents. As both red dyes have an OH group in ortho- position respect to the azo group, they undergo an azo-hydrazone tautomerism. In this work, UV–Vis, Raman and SERS spectroscopic analysis of the red dye solutions were carried out at different pH conditions, in order to evaluate the preponderance of one tautomer over the other as a function of the pH. Different experimental conditions were tested in order to find the best ones for the detection of both dyes. Thus, Raman spectra of the powder and aqueous solutions of AR26 and AR18 were obtained at the natural pH of the solutions, and above and below that value. The SERS analysis of the dye solutions were carried out at various pH values between 2 and 10, and with excitation at 442, 532 and 633 nm. The molecular structure and the theoretical Raman spectra of the two tautomers of both red dyes were calculated by DFT methods. The obtained results were used for the assignment of the Acid Red 26 and Acid Red 18 vibrational modes. Finally, a textile sample dyed with AR18 was analyzed by SERS

Comparative analysis of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of daidzein and formononetin

Phytoestrogens daidzein (4&prime;,7-dihydroxy-isoflavone) and formononetin (4&prime;-methoxy-7-hydroxy-isoflavone) have been studied by surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectroscopy. Spectra were acquired in the presence of citratereduced silver colloids, over a range of pH and concentrations. Density functional theory calculations were used to assist assignment of the normal Raman spectra and help determine the mode of interaction of isoflavones with the silver nanoparticles. Formononetin does not show SER activity unless the 7-OH group is deprotonated, and accordingly, the interaction with the silver surface occurs via the deprotonated site. Daidzein, on the other hand, appears to contain multiple species at the surface, interacting via both the hydroxyl groups at 7-OH and 4&prime;-OH, after deprotonation. This is an important result that points to potential future SERS applications in phytoestrogen analysis and provides a foundation for understanding the SER spectra of isoflavones.<br /