Equity, International Cooperation, and Global Public Health: Use of the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities Principle in the Fight against COVID-19

During pandemics, in which harm is universal, states find themselves under an obligation to cooperate within a global solidarity framework. However, because they do not have the same set of capabilities, their obligations should be differentiated and based on equity and distributive justice. As an effective tool of States’ foreign policy, health diplomacy is being used by developing countries according to different priorities and interests. After a few months of relative calm, COVID-19 still poses a major challenge for African and Middle Eastern economies and societies where the vaccination rates are low across the board with healthcare systems in poor shape. If some Gulf countries can be considered exceptions due to active lockdowns, mobility restrictions, and considerable testing, their engagement abroad to help contain the pandemic, especially in North Africa, shows that, if the spirit of cooperation and justice is well taken care of at the regional level, this is not the case at the international level, where global health cooperation would clearly benefit from the application of a type of differentiated treatment such as the one provided by the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle

Sustainable energy development and nuclear energy legislation in the uae

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. The MENA region has been experiencing the highest population growth rate in the world since the last century. Concomitantly, energy needs in the region are projected to exceed 50% of the current demand in the upcoming two decades. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become the newest addition to the countries that utilize nuclear energy for electricity production. For MENA countries, UAE constitutes the model in operational and regulatory actions in their pursuit of nuclear power. UAE’s principles of transparency, nonproliferation, safety, and security, as well as its willingness to provide full operational access to international organizations, have been the key factors for this development. This study analyzes UAE’s regulatory framework with the emphasis on the organizational structure of FANR, the country’s nuclear regulatory body. Comparisons are made with USA and France, which have mature institutional structures and suggestions are provided for improving FANR’s organizational chart. Our article also discusses issues of independence and accountability of regulatory bodies, pertinent to MENA countries’ agencies

Crise nucléaire avec l'Iran : vers une solution globale ?

International audienc

La procédure d'examen en appel de l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce

Canal-Forgues Eric. La procédure d'examen en appel de l'Organisation mondiale du Commerce. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 42, 1996. pp. 845-863

Crise nucléaire avec l'Iran : vers une solution globale ?

International audienc

LE DROIT A L’ENVIRONNEMENT EN DROIT FRANÇAIS ET DEVANT LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME

O presente estudo analisa o direito ao meio ambiente proposto pela Carta de meio ambiente numa perspectiva do direito francês e da Corte Européia de Direitos Humanos

Crise nucléaire avec l'Iran : vers une solution globale ?

International audienc

Bibliographie critique

Eisemann Pierre Michel, Bardonnet Daniel, Bastid-Burdeau Geneviève, Canal-Forgues Eric, Coussirat-Coustère Vincent, Daudet Yves, Decaux Emmanuel, Fernandez-Sola Natividad, Goy Raymond, Haguenau-Moizard Catherine, Lagrange Evelyne, Maljean-Dubois Sandrine, Pétraud Catherine, Poulain Michèle, Ruiz-Fabri Hélène, Sur Serge, Vacic Nina, Vignes Daniel-Henri. Bibliographie critique. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 41, 1995. pp. 973-1029

Bibliographie critique

Eisemann Pierre Michel, Bardonnet Daniel, Bastid-Burdeau Geneviève, Canal-Forgues Eric, Coussirat-Coustère Vincent, Daudet Yves, Decaux Emmanuel, Fernandez-Sola Natividad, Goy Raymond, Haguenau-Moizard Catherine, Lagrange Evelyne, Maljean-Dubois Sandrine, Pétraud Catherine, Poulain Michèle, Ruiz-Fabri Hélène, Sur Serge, Vacic Nina, Vignes Daniel-Henri. Bibliographie critique. In: Annuaire français de droit international, volume 41, 1995. pp. 973-1029

A mudança de orientação da lógica de solução das controvérsias econômicas internacionais Solution logic orientation changes in international economical disputes

O grau de juridicidade do direito internacional econômico tem crescido nos últimos anos, ocasionando alterações na lógica de solução das controvérsias econômicas internacionais. Este adensamento da juridicidade do sistema confere maior legitimidade e importância aos mecanismos de solução de controvérsias, em especial o presente na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), principal instituição reguladora do comércio internacional. De acordo com a nova lógica, os países mais fortes economicamente passaram a aceitar perdas relativas a setores específicos, buscando ganhos com o estabelecimento do sistema como um todo. A nova sistemática guiada por normas pré-definidas e especificamente traçadas para a solução de conflitos internacionais (rule-oriented) veio substituir a solução destes conflitos pelo uso da força, via sanções unilaterais ou pressões sobre setores sensíveis (power-oriented). Além disso, a análise desta mudança de orientação evidencia que a OMC e seu Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias vêm ganhando maior credibilidade e respeito por parte de seus usuários, visto que casos concretos envolvendo setores como o agrícola e países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento demonstram a real possibilidade de utilização de mecanismos de retaliação mesmo quando se trata de países mais fracos contra países muito mais fortes.<br>International Economical Law's level of jurisdiction has increased in the last years. This increase changed the logic of international economical dispute settlement system. The jurisdiction increase also gave more legitimacy and importance to dispute settlement mechanisms, specially the mechanisms pointed out by the World Trade Organization (WTO) which is the main international trade regulating institution. According to the new logic of dispute settlement countries considered economically strong began to accept losses related to specific sectors in order to win with the establishment of the whole new system. The new system consists of rules that are clearly defined and that are specifically created for international dispute settlement. The new rule-oriented system replaces the power-oriented system that solved its disputes by using force, unilateral sanctions or pressuring sensible sectors. Moreover, the analysis of orientation changes shows that the WTO and its Dispute Settlement Body have gain more credibility and respect from their users since, for example, agricultural cases that involve developed and developing countries have shown that it is possible to use retaliation mechanisms even when weaker countries are against strong countries