Resposta da soja e da biomassa de carbono do solo aos resíduos de cinco genótipos de sorgo.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influencia de residuos de cinco cultivares de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.): CMS XS 376, CMS XS 365, BR 304, BR 700 e CMS XS 755 mo crescimento e desenvolvimento da soja. Esses residuos foram colhidos em tres estadios do desenvolvimento reprodutivo do sorgo: florescimento, enchimento de graos e maturacao. Os tratamentos estudados constaram da deposicao desses residuos na superficie do solo ou da sua total incorporacao na proporcao de 4 gkg1 de materia seca no solo (LEd, fase cerrado). Nos tratamentos com planta, mantiveram-se tres tres plantas de soja (cv. Doko) em vasos com capacidade para 3 kg de solo. Nos tratamentos sem planta, o solo foi amostrado semanalmente para avaliacao das formas de N. Apos a colheita da soja, amostras de planta e de solo, de cada tratamento, foram retiradas para determinar a absorcao total de N e a influencia desses residuos no N disponivel extraido com KC11 mol L4. Os resultados revelaram que alguns residuos culturais de sorgo afetaram, independentemente do estadio de colheita, o desenvolvimento da soja, a absorcao de N, o peso de nodulos e a biomassa microbiana do solo. Tais efeitos tambem foram dependentes do metodo de incorporacao do residuo. O teor de carbono imobilizado pela biomassa foi maior quando os residuos de sorgo foram distribuidos na superficie do solo

Resíduos de sorgo e o desenvolvimento vegetativo da soja.

bitstream/item/58844/1/Pesq.And.-17-1.pd

Stochastic Modeling of Expressiveness: Representing the Temporal Evolution of the Descriptors Using HMM

Different interpreters do not play identically during a music performance, introducing their own expressive features. Although these features are perceptually recurrent for each musician, the deterministic modeling is a difficult task, making it more interesting to model by a stochastic patterns approach. This paper aims to model the temporal evolu- tion of the acoustic features using HMM (Hidden Markov Model) note-by note, intrinsically related to the expressive intent of the artist performing the musical fragments. Descriptors related to changes in dynamics, tempo, attack and release have been implemented and tested. Dynamics was described by the RMS (Root Mean Square) energy changes for each note in comparison with the previous. Tempo was described by the IOI (Inter Onset Interval) deviation nor- malized by the note duration according to the score. Finally, the attack and release were described by the logarithm of their duration time. The methodology is divided into two parts: first the optimal number of states for each HMM is determined by taking the maximum of the curve between number of states and recognition rate. In the second, the recognition achieved by optimal number of hidden states is analyzed together with the structure of the probabilities of transitions between the states matrix. The training and testing data used in recognition tests were executions of the same fragment for clarinet of the fourth movement of Mozart's Quintet. Five musicians performing six times each were recorded. The results indicated better recognition rates using tempo, dynamics and attack time descriptors, reaching 60 hitting percent, with two, six and five hidden states respectively

Avaliação ultrassonográfica e número de estruturas embrionárias coletadas pelo método não cirúrgico em cabras leiteiras.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o número de CL aferidos após ultrassonografia e o número de embriões coletados após protocolo de superovulação em cabras leiteiras. O estudo foi realizado no município de Piau, região da Zona da Mata do estado de Minas Gerais. O exame ultrassonográfico prévio às coletas de embriões pode ser utilizado para avaliar a resposta superuvalatória e a eficiência do lavado não cirúrgico em cabras. Além de evitar o custo do lavado em animais que não responderam ao tratamento superovulatório

Effects of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer on performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health scores of dairy heifers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate how the inclusion of a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR) affects different outcomes of dairy heifers. The outcomes evaluated: feed intake, performance, body development, blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), rumen fermentation, fecal scores, and respiratory scores. All outcomes were evaluated during pre-weaning (4?60 d of age), and carry-over effects during post-weaning (61?90 d of age) periods. The experimental units utilized were 29 newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy heifers, with genetic composition of 5/8 or more Holstein and 3/8 or less Gyr and body weight (BW) at birth of 32.2 ± 5.2 kg. Experimental units were assigned to either a control (CON, n = 15) or a blend of essential oil supplementation (BEO, n = 14) treatment, maintaining a balance of genetic composition. The BEO was supplemented in the MR with 1 g/d/calf of a blend of essential oils (Apex Calf, Adisseo, China) composed by plant extracts derived from anise, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary, and thyme. During the pre-weaning phase, all heifers were fed 5 L of MR/d reconstituted to 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. During the post-weaning, animals received a maximum of 3 kg of starter/d, and ad libitum corn silage, divided into two meals. Feed intake, fecal and respiratory scores were evaluated daily. The BW was measured every three days, while body development was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected on 0, 30, and 60 d of age for total blood cell count, weekly and on the weaning day to determinate ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea and glucose, and biweekly for IGF-1. Ruminal parameters (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N, and acetate:propionate proportion?C2:C3) were measured on days 14, 28, 42, 60, 74 and 90. A randomized complete block design with an interaction between treatment and week was the experimental method of choice to test the hypothesis of the BEO?s effect on all outcomes. An ANOVA procedure was used for continuous outcomes, and a non-parametric test was used for the ordered categorical outcomes, both adopting a CI = 95%. Results indicated that there was not enough evidence to accept the alternative hypothesis of the effect of BEO in MR on feed intake, performance, body development, and blood metabolites during both pre-weaning and post-weaning periods. However, results indicated that the inclusion of BEO in MR significantly affects the proportion of C2:C3 during pre- and post-weaning (P = 0.05). Similarly, the effect was significant for basophil (P menor igual 0.001), and platelet (P = 0.04) counts pre-weaning. The interaction between week and treatment was also significant for lymphocytes (P menor igual 0.001), revealing a cumulative effect. Lastly, fecal scores were also significant (P = 0.04) during pre-weaning, with lower values for BEO. The BEO contributed to ruminal manipulation in pre-weaning and carry-over effects in post-weaning, immunity improvement, and decreased morbidity of neonatal diarrhea in the pre-weaning phase

Grain sorghum under pre- and post-flowering drought stress in a semiarid environment.

Sorghum is one of the most drought-tolerant cereals. However, strong water stress, especially during the reproductive phase, causes significant grain yield reduction. Drought events are common in second crops planted after soybean harvest in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to assess grain sorghum hybrids grown under pre- and post-flowering drought stress. Twenty-five hybrids were subjected to two water stress environments (pre- and post-flowering) and one environment with non-water stress. The experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block with three replicates. Water stress pre-flowering reduced plant height, accelerated flowering, and increased panicle index compared with water stress post-flowering. Both pre- and postflowering stress reduced yield, by 45% and 48%, respectively. Grain mass was greatly affected by stress occurring post-flowering but not by that occurring pre-flowering. Therefore, the reduction in yield caused by pre-flowering stress is due more to the reduction of grain number in the panicle, whereas the reduction when stress occurs post-flowering is due more to reduction in grain size. The plant chlorophyll index decreased when stress occurred pre-flowering and reverted after irrigation had resumed, demonstrating recovery in the photosynthetic capacity of the sorghum plant. With post-flowering stress, the chlorophyll index decreased significantly 30 days after the stress, affecting grain filling, with consequent yield loss