From the Biopolitical to the Impolitical

Here's a draft version of the introduction I wrote some years back for the translation of Roberto Esposito's Ten Thoughts of the Political

Impact of user fees on maternal health service utilization and related health outcomes: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence of the impact of user fees on maternal health service utilization and related health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, as well as their impact on inequalities in these outcomes. METHODS: Studies were identified by modifying a search strategy from a related systematic review. Primary studies of any design were included if they reported the effect of fee changes on maternal health service utilization, related health outcomes and inequalities in these outcomes. For each study, data were systematically extracted and a quality assessment conducted. Due to the heterogeneity of study methods, results were examined narratively. FINDINGS: Twenty studies were included. Designs and analytic approaches comprised: two interrupted time series, eight repeated cross-sectional, nine before-and-after without comparison groups and one before-and-after in three groups. Overall, the quality of studies was poor. Few studies addressed potential sources of bias, such as secular trends over time, and even basic tests of statistical significance were often not reported. Consistency in the direction of effects provided some evidence of an increase in facility delivery in particular after fees were removed, as well as possible increases in the number of managed delivery complications. There was little evidence of the effect on health outcomes or inequality in accessing care and, where available, the direction of effect varied. CONCLUSION: Despite the global momentum to abolish user fees for maternal and child health services, robust evidence quantifying impact remains scant. Improved methods for evaluating and reporting on these interventions are recommended, including better descriptions of the interventions and context, looking at a range of outcome measures, and adopting robust analytical methods that allow for adjustment of underlying and seasonal trends, reporting immediate as well as longer-term (e.g. at 6 months and 1 year) effects and using comparison groups where possible

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. 5: Conoidea

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1004/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. II: Truncatelloidea, Vanikoroidea, Calyptraeidae, Cypraeoidea, Personidae, Ficidae & Xenophoridae

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species, of which I illustrate 743) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, inlet, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1001/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. 7: Protobranchia, Pteriomorpha, Carditita, Lucinidae, Gastrochaenidae, Pharidae, & Hiatellidae

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1006/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. 6: Heterobranchia

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1005/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. IX: Ungulinidae, Chamidae, Cyrenidae, Veneridae, Mactroidea, Myida, & Anomalodesmata

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1008/thumbnail.jp

Lower Waccamaw Formation Review Copy Pt. III: Neogastropoda incertae sedis, Buccinoidea, & Muricidae

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar tothe modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1002/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. I: Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Vetigastropoda, Cerithoidea, Epitoniidae, Litorimidae, Naticidae, Vermetidae & Triphoroidea

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species, of which Iillustrate 743) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, inlet, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1000/thumbnail.jp

Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. IV: Volutoidea, Cancellariidae, Costellariidae, & Olivoidea

The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (\u3e90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856,no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy-bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene-mollusca-photographic-guide/1003/thumbnail.jp