Toward an Improved Air Pollution Warning System in Quebec.

The nature of pollutants involved in smog episodes can vary significantly in various cities and contexts and will impact local populations differently due to actual exposure and pre-existing sensitivities for cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. While regulated standards and guidance remain important, it is relevant for cities to have local warning systems related to air pollution. The present paper proposes indicators and thresholds for an air pollution warning system in the metropolitan areas of Montreal and Quebec City (Canada). It takes into account past and current local health impacts to launch its public health warnings for short-term episodes. This warning system considers fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as the combined oxidant capacity of ozone and nitrogen dioxide (Ox) as environmental exposures. The methodology used to determine indicators and thresholds consists in identifying extreme excess mortality episodes in the data and then choosing the indicators and thresholds to optimize the detection of these episodes. The thresholds found for the summer were 31 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 43 ppb for Ox in Montreal, and 32 μg/m3 and 23 ppb in Quebec City. In winter, thresholds found were 25 μg/m3 and 26 ppb in Montreal, and 33 μg/m3 and 21 ppb in Quebec City. These results are in line with different guidelines existing concerning air quality, but more adapted to the cities examined. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted which suggests that Ox is more determinant than PM2.5 in detecting excess mortality episodes

A cold-health watch and warning system, applied to the province of Quebec (Canada).

CONTEXT: A number of studies have shown that cold has an important impact on human health. However, almost no studies focused on cold warning systems to prevent those health effects. For Nordic regions, like the province of Quebec in Canada, winter is long and usually very cold with an observed increase in mortality and hospitalizations throughout the season. However, there is no existing system specifically designed to follow in real-time this mortality increase throughout the season and to alert public health authorities prior to cold waves. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to establish a watch and warning system specifically for health impacts of cold, applied to different climatic regions of the province of Quebec. METHODOLOGY: A methodology previously used to establish the health-heat warning system in Quebec is adapted to cold. The approach identifies cold weather indicators and establishes thresholds related to extreme over-mortality or over-hospitalization events in the province of Quebec, Canada. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The final health-related thresholds proposed are between (-15 °C, -23 °C) and (-20 °C, -29 °C) according to the climatic region for excesses of mortality, and between (-13 °C, -23 °C) and (-17 °C, -30 °C) for excesses of hospitalization. These results suggest that the system model has a high sensitivity and an acceptable number of false alarms. This could lead to the establishment of a cold-health watch and warning system with valid indicators and thresholds for each climatic region of Quebec. It can be seen as a complementary system to the existing one for heat warnings, in order to help the public health authorities to be well prepared during an extreme cold event

A heat-health watch and warning system with extended season and evolving thresholds.

BACKGROUND: Many countries have developed heat-health watch and warning systems (HHWWS) or early-warning systems to mitigate the health consequences of extreme heat events. HHWWS usually focuses on the four hottest months of the year and imposes the same threshold over these months. However, according to climate projections, the warm season is expected to extend and/or shift. Some studies demonstrated that health impacts of heat waves are more severe when the human body is not acclimatized to the heat. In order to adapt those systems to potential heat waves occurring outside the hottest months of the season, this study proposes specific health-based monthly heat indicators and thresholds over an extended season from April to October in the northern hemisphere. METHODS: The proposed approach, an adoption and extension of the HHWWS methodology currently implemented in Quebec (Canada). The latter is developed and applied to the Greater Montreal area (current population 4.3 million) based on historical health and meteorological data over the years. This approach consists of determining excess mortality episodes and then choosing monthly indicators and thresholds that may involve excess mortality. RESULTS: We obtain thresholds for the maximum and minimum temperature couple (in °C) that range from (respectively, 23 and 12) in April, to (32 and 21) in July and back to (25 and 13) in October. The resulting HHWWS is flexible, with health-related thresholds taking into account the seasonality and the monthly variability of temperatures over an extended summer season. CONCLUSIONS: This adaptive and more realistic system has the potential to prevent, by data-driven health alerts, heat-related mortality outside the typical July-August months of heat waves. The proposed methodology is general and can be applied to other regions and situations based on their characteristics

Heat-related mortality prediction using low-frequency climate oscillation indices: Case studies of the cities of Montréal and Québec, Canada

Background: Heat-related mortality is an increasingly important public health burden that is expected to worsen with climate change. In addition to long-term trends, there are also interannual variations in heat-related mortality that are of interest for efficient planning of health services. Large-scale climate patterns have an important influence on summer weather and therefore constitute important tools to understand and predict the variations in heat-related mortality. Methods: In this article, we propose to model summer heat-related mortality using seven climate indices through a two-stage analysis using data covering the period 1981–2018 in two metropolitan areas of the province of Québec (Canada): Montréal and Québec. In the first stage, heat attributable fractions are estimated through a time series regression design and distributed lag nonlinear specification. We consider different definitions of heat. In the second stage, estimated attributable fractions are predicted using climate index curves through a functional linear regression model. Results: Results indicate that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is the best predictor of heat-related mortality in both Montréal and Québec and that it can predict up to 20% of the interannual variability. Conclusion: We found evidence that one climate index is predictive of summer heat-related mortality. More research is needed with longer time series and in different spatial contexts. The proposed analysis and the results may nonetheless help public health authorities plan for future mortality related to summer heat

The impact of drinking water, indoor dust and paint on blood lead levels of children aged 1-5 years in Montreal (Quebec, Canada)

Lead is neurotoxic at very low dose and there is a need to better characterize the impact of domestic sources of lead on the biological exposure of young children. A cross-sectional survey evaluated the contribution of drinking water, house dust and paint to blood lead levels (BLLs) of young children living in old boroughs of Montreal (Canada). Three hundred and six children aged 1 to 5 years and currently drinking tap water participated in the study. For each participant, residential lead was measured in kitchen tap water, floor dust, windowsill dust and house paint and a venous blood sample was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between elevated BLL in the children (>/= 75th percentile) and indoor lead contamination by means of odds ratios (OR) using 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was an association between BLL >/=75th percentile (1.78 mug/dL) and water lead when the mean water concentration was >3.3 mug/L: adjusted OR=4.7 (95% CI: 2.1-10.2). Windowsill dust loading >14.1 mug/ft(2) was also associated with BLL >/=1.78 mug/dL: adjusted OR=3.2 (95% CI: 1.3-7.8). Despite relatively low BLLs, tap water and house dust lead contribute to an increase of BLLs in exposed young children

Measurement of the CP-Violating Asymmetry Amplitude sin2β\beta

We present results on time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries in neutral B decays to several CP eigenstates. The measurements use a data sample of about 88 million Y(4S) --> B Bbar decays collected between 1999 and 2002 with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B Factory at SLAC. We study events in which one neutral B meson is fully reconstructed in a final state containing a charmonium meson and the other B meson is determined to be either a B0 or B0bar from its decay products. The amplitude of the CP-violating asymmetry, which in the Standard Model is proportional to sin2beta, is derived from the decay-time distributions in such events. We measure sin2beta = 0.741 +/- 0.067 (stat) +/- 0.033 (syst) and |lambda| = 0.948 +/- 0.051 (stat) +/- 0.017 (syst). The magnitude of lambda is consistent with unity, in agreement with the Standard Model expectation of no direct CP violation in these modes

Impact d'une mixture environnementale d'organochlorés sur l'ovocyte, le spermatozoïde et l'embryon porcin in vitro

Les êtres humains et les animaux, principalement ceux habitant le Cercle Arctique, sont constamment exposés à un large éventail de composés chimiques présents dans leur environnement et leur nourriture. Parmi ces polluants, les composés organochlorés sont montrés du doigt depuis quelques décennies comme étant des composés toxiques qui perturbent plusieurs systèmes physiologiques, y compris le système reproducteur. Ces composés se présentent rarement individuellement dans le biote, on les retrouve plutôt sous forme de mixtures complexes, où chaque composé influence les systèmes physiologiques à sa façon, indépendamment ou conjointement avec d’autres composés. Les organochlorés sont présents dans le sang, le lait maternel, le tissu adipeux, les liquides amniotique et séminal, ainsi que dans les fluides ovarien et utérin. C’est dans cette optique que nous avons testé l’hypothèse qu’une mixture d’organochlorés, reconstituée pour imiter celle présente dans la graisse de phoque de l’Arctique que mangent les Inuits du Nunavik, nuit à la compétence à la maturation des gamètes, à la fécondation et au développement in vitro des embryons préimplantatoires, en utilisant l’espèce porcine comme modèle toxicologique pour l’humain. La mixture d’organochlorés a effectivement réduit la compétence à la maturation, fécondation et au développement des ovocytes exposés, ainsi que le développement préimplantatoire des embryons exposés. La fécondation et le développement subséquent ont diminué lors de l’exposition conjointe des gamètes à la mixture. Nous avons aussi utilisé un extrait métabolisé de cette mixture, provenant du sérum de truies préalablement exposées à la mixture originale d’organochlorés, pour vérifier ces mêmes paramètres. L’extrait métabolisé n’a pas eu d’effet sur la maturation des ovocytes, leur compétence à la fécondation et au développement, ou même sur le développement préimplantatoire des embryons exposés. L’extrait métabolisé a par contre réduit l’apoptose des cellules du cumulus. En conclusion, la mixture d’organochlorés, similaire à celle retrouvée dans l’environnement, perturbe les fonctions essentielles des gamètes et des embryons, dommages qui se répercutent sur leurs compétences à la fécondation et au développement.Human beings and animals, especially those living in the Arctic Circle, are constantly exposed to a wide range of chemical compounds that are present in their environment and food. Among these pollutants, organochlorine compounds are considered as a major group of toxicants that disrupt numerous physiological systems, including the reproductive system. These compounds are rarely present one at a time in the biota; they are mainly present as complex mixtures of different organochlorines, where each compound influences physiological systems in its own way, independently or in concert with other compounds. Organochlorines are present in blood, breast milk, fat tissues, as well as in amniotic, seminal, uterine and ovarian fluids. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that an organochlorine mixture, reconstituted to mimic that present in the Arctic seal blubber and ingested by the Inuits in Nunavik, disrupts the competence to in vitro maturation, fertilization and development of gametes and embryos, using the pig as a toxicological model for humans. The organochlorine mixture reduced maturation, fertilization and developmental competence of exposed oocytes. It also reduced fertilization and subsequent development of gametes exposed during fertilization, as well as preimplantory development of exposed embryos. We also used a metabolized extract of the same mixture, originating from the serum of sows preexposed to the original organochlorine mixture, to verify the same parameters. The metabolized extract did not reduce oocyte maturation or their competence to fertilization and development; neither did it alter preimplantory development of exposed embryos. Nevertheless, the metabolized extract reduced apoptosis in cumulus cells. In conclusion, the environmentally-relevant organochlorine mixture damages essential functions of gametes and embryos, therefore altering their fertilizing and developmental competence

Etude préliminaire du rôle potentiel du biofilm épiphytique dans la réponse des plantes aquatiques aux herbicides

National audienc

Integrated Management of Residential Indoor Air Quality: A Call for Stakeholders in a Changing Climate

A paradigm change in the management of environmental health issues has been observed in recent years: instead of managing specific risks individually, a holistic vision of environmental problems would assure sustainable solutions. However, concrete actions that could help translate these recommendations into interventions are lacking. This review presents the relevance of using an integrated indoor air quality management approach to ensure occupant health and comfort. At the nexus of three basic concepts (reducing contaminants at the source, improving ventilation, and, when relevant, purifying the indoor air), this approach can help maintain and improve indoor air quality and limit exposure to several contaminants. Its application is particularly relevant in a climate change context since the evolving outdoor conditions have to be taken into account during building construction and renovation. The measures presented through this approach target public health players, building managers, owners, occupants, and professionals involved in building design, construction, renovation, and maintenance. The findings of this review will help the various stakeholders initiate a strategic reflection on the importance of indoor air quality and climate change issues for existing and future buildings. Several new avenues and recommendations are presented to set the path for future research activities