Indicadores biológicos da qualidade do solo em sistemas agroflorestais de palma forrageira e leguminosas no Agreste de Pernambuco

A composição botânica influencia a microbiologia do solo. Assim, é necessário estudar como as diferentes composições de consórcio afetam os parâmetros biológicos do solo e predizer os benefícios de sua implantação. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da consorciação de leguminosas arbóreas com palma forrageira sobre a biomassa microbiana do solo no Agreste Pernambucano. Os tratamentos testados foram associações de leguminosas e palma forrageira, conforme descritos a seguir: i) Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud e palma IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), ii) Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit. e palma IPA-Sertânia e iii) palma IPA-Sertânia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As coletas de solo foram feitas nos meses de outubro/2018, abril/2019 e julho/2019. Coletaram-se amostras nas profundidades de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm em 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5m de distância das faixas das leguminosas para as parcelas com consórcio. Nas parcelas de monocultivo foram coletadas amostras simples em apenas um ponto paralelo às árvores de leguminosas nas mesmas profundidades descritas anteriormente. Foram realizadas determinações da respiração basal do solo (RBS), carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), quociente metabólico (qCO2), quociente microbiano (qMIC), relação carbono e nitrogênio microbiano (C:Nmic), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio total (NT), relação C:N (C:N) e abundância de 13C e 15N (δ13C e δ15N). A RBS, NBM, qCO2 e qMIC foram menores (P<0,05) para amostras coletadas em abril/2019 nas profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm, 8,74 e 11,45 μg CO2 g-1 dia-1; 21,48 e 31,45 mg kg-1; 0,05 e 0,05 μg CO2 g-1 CBM dia-1; 1,86 e 1,03%, respectivamente. O CBM e a relação C:Nmic foram menores para amostras coletadas em out/2018 na profundidade de 0-10 cm, e COT na profundidade 10-20 cm. O NT foi maior para amostras coletadas em out/2018. O δ 13C variou com a distância das árvores, indicando a contribuição dos diferentes grupos de plantas presentes. O δ15N também variou com a distância das árvores, apontando maior contribuição do N fixado sob a copa das leguminosas. A atividade microbiana foi similar para amostras coletadas em out/2018 e abr/2019 nos diferentes sistemas de cultivo. A biomassa microbiana foi beneficiada quando se adicionou leguminosas arbóreas ao cultivo de palma durante jul/2019.Botanical composition influence soil microbiology. Thus, it is necessary to study how different intercropping systems affect soil biological parameters to predict potential benefits of their implementation. The objective was to evaluate the intercropping effect of forage cactus with tree legumes on soil microbial biomass in Agreste Pernambucano. The treatments tested were the association of legumes and forage cactus, as described below: i) Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck); ii) Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit. and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia; and iii) forage cactus IPA-Sertânia. The randomized complete block design was used in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. Soil sampling were made in the months of October/2018 April/2019 and July/2019. Samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm at 0; 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5 m away from legume rows in intercropping plots. In the monoculture plots, samples were collected at just one point parallel to the legume trees at the same depths described above. Determinations of soil basal respiration (BSR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), metabolic quotient (qCO2), microbial quotient (qMIC), ratio carbon and microbial nitrogen (C:Nmic), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), ratio carbon and nitrogen (C:N), and natural abundance of soil 13C and δ15N (δ13C and δ15N) were performed. The BSR, MBN, qCO2 and qMIC were lower (P<0.05) for samples collected in Apr/2019 in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers, 8.74 and 11.45 μg CO2 g-1 day-1; 21.48 and 31.45 mg kg-1; 0.05 and 0.05 μg CO2 g-1 MBC day-1; 1.86 and 1.03%, respectively. The MBC and C / Nmic ratio were lower for samples collected in Oct/2018 in the 0-10 cm layer, and TOC in the 10-20 cm layer. The TN was higher for samples collected in the Oct/2018. The δ13C varied with distance from trees, indicating the contribution of the different groups of plants. The δ15N also varied with the distance from the trees, indicating greater contribution of fixed N under the tree legume canopy. Microbial activity was similar for samples collected in the Oct/2018 and Apr/2019 in the different cropping systems. Microbial biomass benefits by adding leguminous tree to forage cactus cultivation during the Jul/2019.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

Evaluation of Microbial Biomass in Agroforestry Systems Using Forage Cactus and \u3ci\u3eLeucaena leucocephala\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eGliricidia sepium\u3c/i\u3e

Vegetation type can affect soil microbiology in agroforestry systems. Plants release different organic exudates in the rhizosphere, affecting microbial growth. This study evaluated the effect of forage cactus intercropped with different tree legumes on soil microbial biomass. The research was performed in a tropical semiarid Regosol at Caruaru Experimental Station, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Treatments included: i) Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck); and ii) Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit.) and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design in a split-split-plot scheme, with four replications. Main plots consisted of agroforestry system, split-plot was the distance from tree rows, and split-split-plot soil depths. Organic fertilization with cattle manure was applied aiming a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Tree legumes were planted in double rows spaced 9 x 1 x 0.5 m and cactus planted between double rows spaced by 1 x 0.25 m. Plot size measured 960 m2. Soil collection occurred in the rainy period (April 2019). Samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 m away from legume rows. Response variables included soil basal respiration (SBR), microbial biomass C (C-mic), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. No significant difference was observed for SBR, MBC, and qCO2, with average values of 9.36, 202.98, and 0.05, and standard error 1.16, 10.90 and 0.01, respectively, in the different distances away from tree legumes. Introduction of arboreal legumes did not cause changes in microbial biomass. Microbial activity was similar in soils under forage cactus intercropped with Leucaena or Gliricidia

Manure Source and Cropping System Affect Nutrient Uptake by Cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck)

Forage cactus responds positively to organic fertilization. However, little is known about the mineralization dynamics of the various sources of existing organic fertilizers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the release of nutrients from different manure types and the nutrient accumulation in forage cactus across different cropping systems. Different manure sources (cattle, goat, sheep, and broiler litter) were evaluated for the following cropping systems: (i) Gliricidia sepium intercropped with cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia; (ii) Leucaena leucocephala intercropped with cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia; and (iii) Cactus cv. IPA-Sertânia in monoculture, in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil. The rate of decomposition and release of N, P, and K from manure was determined by incubating a litterbag, evaluated in different periods (0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 days). Broiler litter released the greatest amount of N and P. Sheep manure released the greatest amounts of K. The greatest accumulations of N, P, and K in cactus biomass occurred when broiler litter was applied. Cactus monoculture accumulated less N over 256 days, indicating that the presence of tree legumes favors the accumulation of N in cactus. Broiler litter promoted the best synchronism between N release and N uptake in different cropping systems

Performance of Forage Cactus Intercropped with Arboreal Legumes and Fertilized with Different Manure Sources

The use of agricultural practices such as fertilization and intercropping can improve the production of forage cacti. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of forage cactus intercropped with leguminous trees and fertilized with different sources of manure in the tropical semiarid region of Brazil. The research was carried out at the Agricultural and Livestock Research Enterprise of Pernambuco State during the period from March 2011 to September 2013. The following cultivation systems were used: (i) Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth + forage cactus cv. IPA-Sertania [Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill]; (ii) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit + forage cactus; and (iii) forage cactus in monoculture. All of these systems were fertilized with different sources of manure (cattle, goat, sheep, and broiler litter). The goat and sheep manure (16.6 and 16.5 Mg DM ha&minus;1 year&minus;1) provided the least production of cactus in the different cropping systems. Cattle manure provided greater production of forage and wood from legumes (1.4 and 4.3 Mg DM ha&minus;1 year&minus;1) and cactus (20.9 Mg DM ha&minus;1 year&minus;1). Gliricidia produced more forage and wood than Leucaena. Total production of the forage cactus-Gliricidia system produced 4.7 and 3.8 Mg DM ha&minus;1 of biomass and wood in two years, respectively. The production and morphological characteristics of the cactus increased at further distance from the trees (3 m), and the opposite effect was observed for the concentrations of N, p, and K. Thus, cropping systems using forage cactus and tree legumes fertilized with manure represent an option for tropical semiarid regions

<b>Protective effects of ethanolic extract from the red algae <i>Amansia multifida</i> on experimental inflammation, nociception and seizure experimental models

This study aimed to investigate the EEAm effect in mice models of nociception, inflammation and in behavioral tests evaluating the central nervous system. EEAm had inhibitory effects in the following tests: acetic acid-induced writhing (78%); formalin (62% - inflammatory phase); open field (46%). EEAm increased the nociceptive latency (56%) in tail flick test and increased the death-latency by 36% in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model. Moreover, EEAm inhibited paw edema (82%) and peritonitis (45%) induced by carrageenan. In conclusion, EEAm presents antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant effects involving peripheral and central-acting mechanisms in mice.

Polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves protects seizures and oxidative stress in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy

Plant polysaccharides have biological activities in the brain and those obtained from Genipa americana leaves present antioxidant and anticonvulsant effects in the mice model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced acute seizures. This study aimed to evaluate the polysaccharide-rich extract of Genipa americana leaves (PRE-Ga) in the models of acute seizures and chronic epilepsy (kindling) induced by PTZ. In the acute seizure model, male Swiss mice (25–35 g) received PRE-Ga (1 or 9 mg/kg; intraperitoneal- IP), alone or associated with diazepam (0.01 mg/kg), 30 min before induction of seizures with PTZ (70 mg/kg; IP). In the chronic epilepsy model, seizures were induced by PTZ (40 mg/kg) 30 min after treatment and in alternated days up to 30 days and evaluated by video. Brain areas (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum) were assessed for inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Diazepam associated to PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg; i.p.) increased the latency of seizures in acute (222.4 ± 47.57 vs. saline: 62.00 ± 4.709 s) and chronic models (6.267 ± 0.502 vs. saline: 4.067 ± 0.407 s). In hippocampus, PRE-Ga (9 mg/kg) inhibited TNF-α (105.9 ± 5.38 vs. PTZ: 133.5 ± 7.62 pmol/g) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (473.6 ± 60.51) in the chronic model. PTZ increased glial fibrillar acid proteins (GFAP) and Iba-1 in hippocampus, which was reversed by PRE-Ga (GFAP: 1.9 ± 0.23 vs PTZ: 3.1 ± 1.3 and Iba-1: 2.2 ± 0.8 vs PTZ: 3.2 ± 1.4). PRE-Ga presents neuroprotector effect in the mice model of epilepsy induced by pentylenetetrazole reducing seizures, gliosis, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress