Protection against challenge with A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2).

<p>BALB/c mice were treated with H5N1-specific IgY [anti H5N1 IgY or different batch of anti H5N1 IgY (vn045)] at 6 hours before and 18, 42, and 66 hours after infection with H5N2 virus (<u>Pre- and post-infection treatments, Fig. 1A</u>); at 6, 30, 54, and 78 hours after infection (<u>Post-infection treatments, Fig. 1B</u>); or once at 6 hours before infection <u>(Single pre-infection treatment, Fig. 1C</u>. Five LD₅₀ of mouse-adapted A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) virus and 50 µl of IgY were used for intranasal infection and treatment, respectively. The values are the mean of 5–10 mice in each group.</p

Induction of anti IgY Abs and IgY treatment in mice with pre-existing anti IgY.

<p>Anti IgY in the sera of mice immunized with normal IgY (IgY immunized), treated once intranasally with PR8-specific IgY 8 hours before (anti PR8 IgY −8 h) or three times after infection (anti PR8 IgY +8, 32, 56 h) (Fig. 4A). Endpoint titers (log₂) were determined by ELISA. Morbidity and mortality of IgY-immunized mice treated with PR8-specific IgY (anti PR8 IgY) before (−6 hr) or after (+6 hr) infection with mouse-adapted PR8 (Fig. 4B). The values are the mean of 5–10 mice in each group.</p

Protection against challenge with H1N1 PR8.

<p>BALB/c mice were treated with PR8-specific IgY (anti PR8 IgY) - as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010152#s2" target="_blank">Materials & Methods</a> at 8 hours pre- and 16, 40, and 64 hours post-infection (<u>Pre- and post-infection treatments, Fig. 3A</u>); at 8, 32, 56, and 80 hours post-infection (<u>post-infection treatments, Fig. 3B</u>); or once at 6 hours before infection <u>(Single pre-infection treatment, Fig. 3C</u>. Five LD₅₀ of mouse-adapted PR8 and 50 µl of IgY were used for intranasal infection and treatment, respectively. Morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality were monitored daily until recovered animals regained their initial weight. The values are the mean of 5–10 mice in each group. Mortality is expressed as % of mice that survived the lethal infection. Virus titers in the lungs (TCID₅₀) determined at day 3 after infection in mice treated with PR8 specific IgY at 6 hours before (−6 hrs) or after (+6 hrs) infection (Fig. 3D). The values are the mean of 8 mice in each group derived from 2 independent experiments. As control, a group of mice treated with mouse anti-PR8 serum (HI titer 1∶128) was included. All mice received the same amount of the IgY preparation of identical HI titer.</p

Anti-IgY Abs do not block neutralizing activity of virus specific IgY.

<p>PR8 virus neutralizing activity of PR8 specific IgY (anti-PR8 IgY) in the absence of anti-IgY serum was determined by microneutralization assay. VN titer of anti-PR8 IgY is 1∶320 at which the viral nuclear protein (NP) was not detected (Fig. 5A). In the presence of anti-IgY serum VN by anti-PR8 IgY was not abrogated by incubation with normal serum (Fig. 5B and 5D) or with anti-IgY serum (Figs. 5C and 5D). VN titer (1∶320) of anti-PR8 IgY was used in the assay. The optical density (O.D.) was determined at 450 nm (<i>A</i>₄₅₀).</p

Laboratory data of human H5N1 cases in Vietnam, 2007.

ˆ<p><b>pregnant.</b></p><p><b>ND: not done.</b></p>*<p><b>within normal range.</b></p>†<p><b>if available, quantitative viral loads are presented (cDNA copies/mL).</b></p

Clinical features of all eight detected human H5N1 cases in Vietnam, 2007.

ˆ<p><b>pregnant.</b></p><p><b>NR: not reported.</b></p

Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene sequence of Influenza A H5N1 in humans and poultry in Vietnam 2007 and sequences downloaded from genebank.

<p>The numbers to the right of the figure refer to the World Health Organization H5N1 clade designations.</p

Mapping of poultry and human H5N1 cases in northern Vietnam, 2007.

<p>Mapping of poultry and human H5N1 cases in northern Vietnam, 2007.</p