25 research outputs found
Personality factors and self-reported political news consumption predict susceptibility to political fake news
17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under temporary embargo.The existence of fake news on social media is likely to influence important issues such as elections, attitudes
toward public policy, and health care decisions. Studies have shown that individual differences predict participantsā
ability to discern real and fake news. The present study examined whether personality factors and news
consumption predict an individualās political news discernment. Participants (N = 353) judged the accuracy of
true and false political news headlines, completed a personality inventory, and reported how many hours they
obtained political news from various sources in a typical week. Regression analyses revealed that greater levels of
agreeableness, conscientiousness, open-mindedness, lower levels of extraversion, and fewer hours of news
consumption were related to better news discernment. Participants also showed a bias toward headlines
consistent with their self-reported political ideology, and this bias was related to consumption of ideologically
biased news sources. These results extend those that have identified individual differences in news discernment,
demonstrating that personality factors and news consumption are related to the ability to discern between true
and false political news.U.S. Government affiliation is unstated in article text
To which world regions does the valenceādominance model of social perception apply?
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorovās valenceādominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of
how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social
judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether
these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorovās methodology across
11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorovās original analysis strategy,
the valenceādominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated
dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valenceādominance
model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed
when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.C.L. was supported by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF VRG13-007);
L.M.D. was supported by ERC 647910 (KINSHIP); D.I.B. and N.I. received funding from
CONICET, Argentina; L.K., F.K. and Ć. Putz were supported by the European Social
Fund (EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004; āComprehensive Development for Implementing
Smart Specialization Strategies at the University of PĆ©csā). K.U. and E. Vergauwe were
supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P1_154911 to E.
Vergauwe). T.G. is supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
of Canada (SSHRC). M.A.V. was supported by grants 2016-T1/SOC-1395 (Comunidad
de Madrid) and PSI2017-85159-P (AEI/FEDER UE). K.B. was supported by a grant
from the National Science Centre, Poland (number 2015/19/D/HS6/00641). J. Bonick
and J.W.L. were supported by the Joep Lange Institute. G.B. was supported by the Slovak
Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0418). H.I.J. and E.S. were supported
by a French National Research Agency āInvestissements dāAvenirā programme grant
(ANR-15-IDEX-02). T.D.G. was supported by an Australian Government Research
Training Program Scholarship. The Raipur Group is thankful to: (1) the University
Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for the research grants received through its
SAP-DRS (Phase-III) scheme sanctioned to the School of Studies in Life Science;
and (2) the Center for Translational Chronobiology at the School of Studies in Life
Science, PRSU, Raipur, India for providing logistical support. K. Ask was supported by
a small grant from the Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg. Y.Q. was
supported by grants from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5184035) and CAS
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology. N.A.C. was supported
by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (R010138018). We
acknowledge the following research assistants: J. Muriithi and J. Ngugi (United States
International University Africa); E. Adamo, D. Cafaro, V. Ciambrone, F. Dolce and E.
Tolomeo (Magna GrƦcia University of Catanzaro); E. De Stefano (University of Padova);
S. A. Escobar Abadia (University of Lincoln); L. E. Grimstad (Norwegian School of
Economics (NHH)); L. C. Zamora (Franklin and Marshall College); R. E. Liang and R.
C. Lo (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman); A. Short and L. Allen (Massey University, New
Zealand), A. AteÅ, E. GĆ¼neÅ and S. Can Ćzdemir (BoÄaziƧi University); I. Pedersen and T.
Roos (Ć
bo Akademi University); N. Paetz (Escuela de ComunicaciĆ³n MĆ³nica Herrera);
J. Green (University of Gothenburg); M. Krainz (University of Vienna, Austria); and B.
Todorova (University of Vienna, Austria). The funders had no role in study design, data
collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.https://www.nature.com/nathumbehav/am2023BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog
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Reasoning and Belief Revision with Deontic, Causal, and Arbitrary Conditionals
Are complex decisions better left to the unconscious? Further failed replications of the deliberation-withoutattention effect
The deliberation-without-attention effect occurs when better decisions are made when people experience a period of distraction before a decision than when they make decisions immediately or when they spend time reflecting on the alternatives. This effect has been explained (e.g., Dijksterhuis, 2004) by the claim that people engage in unconscious deliberation when distracted and that unconscious thought is better suited for complex decisions than conscious thought. Experiments 1, 2A, and 2B in this study included a dominant alternative and failed to find evidence for this effect. Experiment 3 removed the dominant alternative and manipulated mode of thought within-subjects to eliminate alternative explanations for the failed replication. In all experiments participants did not make better decisions after unconscious thought; decisions were consistently better than chance when made immediately after the encoding of information. Encouraging people not to think about complex decisions appears to be unwarranted
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The Role of Logical Structure and Premise Believability in Belief Revision
Are complex decisions better left to the unconscious? Further failed replications of the deliberation-without-attention effect
The deliberation-without-attention effect occurs when better decisions are made when people experience a period of distraction before a decision than when they make decisions immediately or when they spend time reflecting on the alternatives. This effect has been explained (e.g., Dijksterhuis, 2004) by the claim that people engage in unconscious deliberation when distracted and that unconscious thought is better suited for complex decisions than conscious thought. Experiments 1, 2A, and 2B in this study included a dominant alternative and failed to find evidence for this effect. Experiment 3 removed the dominant alternative and manipulated mode of thought within-subjects to eliminate alternative explanations for the failed replication. In all experiments participants did not make better decisions after unconscious thought; decisions were consistently better than chance when made immediately after the encoding of information. Encouraging people not to think about complex decisions appears to be unwarranted.decision making, conscious thought, unconscious thought.
Evolutionary Relevance Facilitates Visual Information Processing
Visual search of the environment is a fundamental human behavior that perceptual load affects powerfully. Previously investigated means for overcoming the inhibitions of high perceptual load, however, generalize poorly to real-world human behavior. We hypothesized that humans would process evolutionarily relevant stimuli more efficiently than evolutionarily novel stimuli, and evolutionary relevance would mitigate the repercussions of high perceptual load during visual search. Animacy is a significant component to evolutionary relevance of visual stimuli because perceiving animate entities is time-sensitive in ways that pose significant evolutionary consequences. Participants completing a visual search task located evolutionarily relevant and animate objects fastest and with the least impact of high perceptual load. Evolutionarily novel and inanimate objects were located slowest and with the highest impact of perceptual load. Evolutionary relevance may importantly affect everyday visual information processing
Cognitive reflection predicts the acceptance of unfair ultimatum game offers
In the ultimatum
game, one player proposes a split of money between him- or herself and another
player, who can accept the offer (and both players keep the allocated money) or
reject the offer (and both players get nothing). The present study examined
predictors of accepting unfair ultimatum offers. In Study 1, 184 participants
responded to an unfair ultimatum offer, completed a measure of cognitive
reflection, and completed a self-report measure of rational and experiential
thinking. Slightly more than half of the participants (54.3%) accepted the
unfair offer, and cognitive reflection was positively correlated with accepting
unfair offers. The rational and experiential thinking scales were not
significantly correlated with ultimatum decisions. In Study 2, 306
participants responded to 20 ultimatum offers that varied in fairness and
completed an expanded measure of cognitive reflection. Performance on the
cognitive reflection measure predicted the number of ultimatum offers accepted.
These results suggest that rejecting ultimatum offers is related to intuitive,
heuristic-based thinking, whereas accepting offers is related to deliberate,
analytic-based thinking