On the Size and Structure of Helium Snowballs Formed around Charged Atoms and Clusters of Noble Gases

[Image: see text] Helium nanodroplets doped with argon, krypton, or xenon are ionized by electrons and analyzed in a mass spectrometer. He(n)Ng(x)(+) ions containing up to seven noble gas (Ng) atoms and dozens of helium atoms are identified; the high resolution of the mass spectrometer combined with advanced data analysis make it possible to unscramble contributions from isotopologues that have the same nominal mass but different numbers of helium or Ng atoms, such as the magic He(20)(84)Kr(2)(+) and the isobaric, nonmagic He(41)(84)Kr(+). Anomalies in these ion abundances reveal particularly stable ions; several intriguing patterns emerge. Perhaps most astounding are the results for He(n)Ar(+), which show evidence for three distinct, solid-like solvation shells containing 12, 20, and 12 helium atoms. This observation runs counter to the common notion that only the first solvation shell is solid-like but agrees with calculations by Galli et al. for He(n)Na(+) [J. Phys. Chem. A2011, 115, 730021568337] that reveal three shells of icosahedral symmetry. He(n)Ar(x)(+) (2 ≤ x ≤ 7) ions appear to be especially stable if they contain a total of n + x = 19 atoms. A sequence of anomalies in the abundance distribution of He(n)Kr(x)(+) suggests that rings of six helium atoms are inserted into the solvation shell each time a krypton atom is added to the ionic core, from Kr(+) to Kr(3)(+). Previously reported strong anomalies at He(12)Kr(2)(+) and He(12)Kr(3)(+) [ J. H. Kim; et al. J. Chem. Phys.2006, 124, 21430116774401] are attributed to a contamination. Only minor local anomalies appear in the distributions of He(n)Xe(x)(+) (x ≤ 3). The distributions of He(n)Kr(+) and He(n)Xe(+) show strikingly similar, broad features that are absent from the distribution of He(n)Ar(+); differences are tentatively ascribed to the very different fragmentation dynamics of these ions

Formation of cations and anions upon electron interaction with (doped) helium droplets

Superfluid helium droplets have provided a new perspective for studying electron induced chemistry at extremely low temperatures. Helium droplets represent an ideal environment for the formation of novel and exotic agglomerates of atoms and molecules. Mass spectrometry can be used to detect the resulting ions formed upon electron ionization and electron attachment to doped droplets. In the case of electron ionization a helium atom of the droplet is ionized initially and after few resonant charge transfer reactions between helium atoms the charge finally localises on the dopant. An alternative process is Penning ionization of the dopant, where the scattered electron first electronically excites a helium atom on the surface of the droplet. The attachment of a low energy electron leads to formation of an electron bubble inside the droplet which decays by autodetachment or localization on a dopant, if present in the droplet. In the present minireview a general overview about the field of electron scattering with doped helium droplets is given and a presentation of important recent results related to these electron collision studies is given as well